The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of organic coagulants in the treatment of oily water effluents from oil well drilling activities, when compared with traditional and inorganic coagulants. In this process were analyzed the efficiency and the environmental impacts of the use of inorganic coagulants aluminum sulfate and poly aluminum, and the organic coagulant Tanfloc SG®. The anionic flocculants Magnafloc LT was steel used after coagulation process to enhance solid-liquid separation. The results showed that the use of organic coagulant Tanfloc SG® demonstrated quite effectively, removing: 98.8% of COD and 99.3% of turbidity. The use of organic coagulants has also advantages for not adding sulfate and chloride ions in the wastewater and the lower generation of solid. Despite good percentages of contaminant removal, the threat wastewater will still need a post-treatment to attend the parameters stipulated in the Resolution of the National Environment CONAMA 430 of 2011 – Standards of Wastewater Discharge and the standard technique of the State Environmental Institute (INEA) - NT-202.R-10 of 2010.

The use of the reused waters in the industry is a solution to the scarcity and contamination of water resources. In this sense, different methods have been studied for the removal of microorganisms present in industrial wastewaters, among which stands out the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as bactericidal agent. Within this context, this study aimed to prepare antibacterial nanocomposites based on poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with the addition AgNPs dispersed in montmorillonite (MMT) for the use in disinfection of industrial wastewaters for the reuse of water. The AgNPs were synthesized and initially dispersed in the clay, and then added in the polymer during processing in an internal mixer. In order to evaluate the bactericidal action of the nanocomposite, the agar diffusion test was performed using two types of microorganisms (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus), which resulted in the formation of a zone of inhibition for both bacteria. The potential of this nanocomposite to act as bactericidal agent with practical application in the treatment of industrial wastewaters for reuse of water has been evidenced by the rate of reduction of microorganisms in approximately 98%, requiring a time of 60 min to achieve its maximum performance.

This study aimed to discuss the water reuse technique as an environmentally viable technique in agriculture by observing the growing season of sweet sorghum in irrigated experiment with similar synthetic effluent to the effluent of sewage treatment plants (TSE) of Petrolina. The stadiums were observed for development and growth of crop characteristics during the experiment, according to the descriptions of Fornasieri and Fornasieri Filho (2009). The sorghum plants reach physiological maturity usually between 90 and 100 days after emergence (DAE), but in this experiment, the conditions applied to reuse water, the sweet sorghum treatments reached his early maturity between 82 and 85 DAE. Thus, knowledge of the growing season is very important for proper planning, without the risk of losses in productivity and consumption of wastewater. The irrigation with TSE is a viable and feasible alternative from an environmental point of view, economic and agronomic.

Caffeine is an indicator of the anthropogenic contamination and it has been widely detected in the environment and also in wastewaters. There is a growing demand for techniques to remove these so-called emerging pollutants. Thus, the present work aimed to study the adsorption of caffeine through a batch process using commercial activated carbon. Process variables such as pH, activated carbon concentration and contact time between pollutant and the sorbent were evaluated. No significant effects were found with different initial pHs on the caffeine removal percentage. The best sorbent concentration was 7.5 g L -1 and the adsorption equilibrium was reached after approximately one hour of contact. Three adsorption isotherms were compared: Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips. The Sips isotherm model was the most appropriate for fitting the experimental data. The applied technique showed great potential for application in the removal of this type of pollutant.

The production of fish in farm ponds is already practiced for over five decades in Rio Grande do Sul, and the system used is carp polyculture, which consists of intercropping different species of carp to improve the performance of each one and therefore achieve greater productivity. However, carp polyculture currently used hasa low level of technology, the production obtained is considered small and the release of eutrophic water in natural bodies causes an imbalance in natural aquatic environment. The objective of this study is to evaluate the water quality and the effluent parameters generated in the traditional carp polyculture and in the polyculture with partial substitution of 25, 50 and 75% of carp by catfish and Nile tilapia. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, hardness, water transparency, total phosphorus, total ammonia nitrogen, BOD, COD and TSS were measure. It was concluded that substitution of 25% of carp by catfish and Nile tilapia presents better effluent parameters quality.

Water is a vital resource importance for the maintenance of life and the most diverse human needs. In light of this, many studies have been conducted in search of new technologies or enhancement of these to enable the use of water for public supply and/or wastewater treatment. This study aims to evaluate the performance of plant seeds Moringa oleifera as a natural coagulant, through tests of coagulation /flocculation and sedimentation Jar Test with raw water coming from the river tributary to Pinhalzinho II river in the municipality of Umuarama - PR. Using different concentrations, it was found that this coagulant reached 99% turbidity removal efficiency, with 60 minutes settling time, with the optimum concentration of 200 mg/L. Similarly, the effect of the coagulant in relation to the conductivity parameters, alkalinity and pH was measured, showing good results. We conclude that the results obtained with Moringa oleifera to prove its effectiveness in simplified water treatment.

The wastewater from poultry slaughterhouse industries, a high degree of constituents in solution, requiring a treatment that addresses the effects and leverage appropriate ways to reuse water or exceptional willingness to receiving bodies. The electroflocculation process was used for the treatment of effluent coming from a poultry slaughterhouse under the following operating conditions: initial pH (3, 5 and 7), current density (60, 120 and 180 A/m²), and time electrolysis fixed 1 h using dissociated carbon steel electrodes in a monopolar reactor - series for removal of Total Nitrogen (NTK), and data confronted with the current legislation (State and Federal), supported by a full factorial design 2². The information obtained was that there was a significant effect (p ˂0.05) for both pH and for pH and DC interaction by Pareto chart, also being significant for the bend test, where the response surface were the focal points above the plane having the possibility to have better removal regions for the electroflocculation process. The centerpiece got higher removing the 90% it fits under the legislation. Thus, there is substantial evidence of direct potential form of treatment for this effluent having efficient influence on the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants.

Emerging contaminants – pharmaceutical compounds, pesticides, hormones, endocrine disruptors, and others - are detected in various environmental matrices and the elimination of these is critical to minimize environmental impacts and human health. However, the removal of these compounds is not effective when performed by conventional treatments, since they are refractory compounds and present difficult degradation. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the mineralization efficiency atenolol in aqueous solution. Atenolol is a pharmaceutical compound belonging to the class of β-blockers, by O3 and O3/UV. The influence of pH, reaction time and ultraviolet light (power 96W) was evaluated. The experiments in alkaline solution showed the best results because the highest generation of hydroxyl radicals. The best system evaluated was O3 combined with UV radiation in an alkaline medium, achieving 44.0% of mineralization efficiency. However, by the monitoring of total organic carbon, occurs the formation of reaction intermediate.

Caffeine is one of the most commonly legal drugs used in the world, being present in food, drinks and medicines. The high consumption reflect in high concentrations of this compound in many environmental matrices, since this is not completely removed by the conventional steps of treatment plants. Therefore it is of great interest the study of effective techniques to remove this compound from the environment. Adsorption using activated carbon has been shown to be a good alternative treatment with high removal efficiencies. Therefore, this paper aims to study the removal of caffeine by adsorption using activated carbon. For this purpose, adsorption tests were carried out aiming to find the most appropriate process conditions considering pH, residence time and concentration parameters of solid adsorbent. The best results of the adsorption tests were obtained at pH 6, residence time of 50 min and 10 g L-1 of solid adsorbent, where it was possible to achieve 99% of removal. Moreover, the equilibrium isotherms were constructed for this system. The mathematical models of Langmuir and Freundlich were evaluated, and the Langmuir isotherm was the one which better represented the system. The values obtained for qmax, and KL were 31.94 mg g-1 and 0.1464 L mg-1, respectively. The proposed method was efficient and cost-effective for the removal of caffeine.

This paper presents the analysis of the physico-chemical treatment of effluent efficiency of the process of vibro-finishing a metal company, where three different types of coagulants were used, namely ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate and tannin. From jar-test determined whether the amounts to be used of each coagulant, which were 6 ml of ferric chloride, 5 ml of aluminum sulfate and 8 ml of tannin. Reuse was applied in two batches, and carried out the treatment of the effluent after the first and second reuse cycle. The quality of the treated effluent was evaluated by the COD parameters, presence of surfactants, oils and greases total, total sedimented solids, turbidity, and total nitrogen kjeldahl. The parts, after passing through vibro-finishing with the treated water, were painted and the paint adhesion was evaluated according to the NBR 11003: 2009. As a result there was obtained optimum values for oils and greases, where the reduction was 87.6% as ferric chloride, and 100% for the aluminum sulphate and tannin. To remove the turbidity removal was 97.3% for ferric chloride, 99.4% for aluminum sulphate and 98.7% for tannin. The evaluation of the paint was the ultimate test to determine whether or not to reuse the treated effluent in the process, with all samples were approved.

This study evaluated the discoloration of a solution containing amaranth red dye, a photo-Fenton reaction, using as catalyst zeolite Fe2O3/ZSM-5. It assessed the influence of the independent variables pH and H2O2 content in the degree of discoloration of the dye using Response Surface Methodology. The zeolite ZSM-5 was synthesized by hydrothermal process using nucleating gel to induce the MFI phase. Iron oxide was deposited on the zeolite by incipient wetness impregnation. The characterization of the catalyst Fe2O3 /ZSM-5 was made by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface analysis (BET). The results indicated that the pH was the variable with effect on the azo dye decolorization degree. The optimum reaction conditions were initial pH = 2.5 and the amount of H2O2 = 10 mM for a dye solution with a concentration of 50 mg /l and 0.5 g /l of the catalyst. The ZSM-5 impregnated with iron was found to be an efficient catalyst for bleaching, where the optimum condition discoloration efficiency reached 98.9% at a time of 60 min.

This study evaluated the turbidity removal efficiency of a filtration system using filter residue as construction materials, compared with commercial sand already widely used in the treatment of raw water. The tests were carried out in bench scale. The results obtained in the experiments demonstrated that the construction residue has a high efficiency in the removal of turbidity reaching 81.7% at the time of 45min. The turbidity removal efficiency increased with improvement in the construction waste which had a turbidity removal efficiency of 99.9% at the time of 45min. The results of the experiments suggest that the construction waste, as received properly, the filter material is a viable treatment for the water and produces water with low turbidity levels, besides being a recyclable material.

The high amount of effluents have been subject of great concern due to the presence of organic matter and recalcitrant compounds. There is need that this effluent is treated before being dumped into a water body to prevent risks to the environment , one of the treatments that are carried out is the treatment by photocatalysis . The catalyst most used in this treatment is the commercial P25 , this study aimed to compare the activity of catalysts doped with the commercial. The catalysts proved as efficient as the commercial and with the advantage of being used in smaller amounts than the commercial . The raw wastewater showed high value of COD and the treatment was possible to obtain a reduction of up to 91% .

The aim of this work was to clarify the vinasse by a combined treatment of coagulation/flocculation followed by an adsorption process on activated carbon. In the process of flocculation and coagulation was used a natural coagulant (tannin- Tanfloc). The effectiveness clarification of the combined treatments was assessed by the reduction of the following parameters: color, turbidity, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phenolic compounds. In the best condition (350 mL of tannin solution per L of vinasse and 30 minutes of sluggish mixing) the coagulation/flocculation process removed 88% of color, 95% of turbidity and 47% of COD. This clarified sample was subjected to adsorption process that provided an additional decrease of 19% the COD of the clarified effluent; however, there was a slight increase in color and turbidity after adsorption. Results that can be attributed to the proliferation of yeast in the effluent during the adsorption tests.

The leather industry has a great importance in Brazil's economy, which is the second largest leather producer in the world. The Brazil’s leather production is predominantly performed by the use of chromium in the process, generating at the end of the process wastewater may contain high concentrations of chromium. As a consequence, the ineffective treatment and the improper discharge of these wastewaters into watercourses can represent risks to nature as well as to human health. Since cyanobacterias have the ability to absorb heavy metals in its surface, this study aimed to evaluate the use of Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli in the bioremoval of chromium present in tannery wastewater. In order to achieve this objective, it was performed the characterization of the wastewater coming from a tannery, which was followed by application of 200 mg•L-1 of Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli inoculum, collected during exponential phase culture growth in standard medium BG11, inside a bioreactor containing 3 L of previously autoclaved wastewater with pH ajusted to 7,6, under conditions of temperature of 25°C, continuous aeration, absence of light and hydraulic detention time of 36 h. After analysis of treated effluent, it was observed high removal efficiency of chromium from the wastewater (99.8%) and high removal efficiencies of organic matter, nutrients and iron. Thus, it was demonstrated the possibility of using Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli in the bioremoval of metals presents in tannery wastewaters.

This paper aims to present a comparison between three domestic sewage treatment systems and realize verification of viability. In subdivisions and condominiums that are not linked to large wastewater treatment plants in the municipality, require a local treatment. In Caxias do Sul, usually is used, as a local system of wastewater treatment, septic tank followed by anaerobic filter. Therefore, the sizing of the three systems was realized, being the first the traditional system used, the second a hybrid system to a septic tank and anaerobic filter and the third being an UASB reactor and submerged aerated biofilter. The viability analysis was held comparing the two to traditional systems. From this it was observed that the systems are viable. As the UASB viable both economically and environmentally, because of its greater efficiency and effluent treatment and the hybrid system is only financially viable, because its efficiency is similar to the traditional system.

In today's scenario, where water scarcity and their demands daily increase, technical reuse of wastewater are increasingly studied, aiming aggregate sustainability into industrial processes. In electroplating the volume of wastewater generated is significant. These effluents when untreated and improperly disposed of, cause several damage due to high concentrations of contaminants and heavy metals in their composition. In this context, this paper proposes the physical-chemical treatment and subsequent reuse of wastewater containing cyanide, from the process of plating/nickel plating of metals. To monitor the effectiveness of treatment were carried out physical and chemical analysis of the effluent before and after each treatment cycle. To evaluate this effluent in the process, there were visual analysis and compliance tests on electro-deposited parts. The 1st and 2nd cycles of treatment were effective, reaching efficiency of 93% for cyanide removal in the 1st cycle and 58.5% in the 2nd cycle. The physicochemical analyzes show a significant increase in parameters such as hardness and conductivity, which reached values of 1253.49 (mg CaCO3.L-1) and 17,060 (µS/cm) at the end of the 2nd cycle. There is a need for improvement in the 3rd cycle, since the concentrations of cyanide, chrome and iron were 110.0, 52.17 and 1.06 (mg.L-1), respectively, not reaching suitable for disposal standards. In the visual analysis and adherence tests, all samples showed satisfactory results, are classified as Gr0 according to ABNT NBR 11003, indicating the absence of problems in the electroplating process.

This work aims to compare the catalytic activity of nanoparticles of pure iron oxide and supported on ZSM-5 zeolite in photo-Fenton reaction for removing color from a solution containing the Procion red dye. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and area surface analysis (BET method). The results showed the formation of alpha-phase iron oxide, with particle size below 100 nm. The ZSM-5 synthesis employing nucleating gel led to the formation of the MFI phase with high purity. It was found that iron oxide supported on zeolite ZSM-5 (Fe2O3/ZSM-5) was significantly more effective compared to the Fe2O3 in dye degradation. Therefore, Fe2O3/ZSM-5 catalyst could be a promising material for use in Fenton reaction for degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous solutions

An operational problem encountered in anaerobic reactor UASB treating domestic sewage is the formation of solid co-products such as scum. It’s composing by fats, oils, greases, soaps, hair, sludge and particulate material in general. It is understood that in composition the higher is the content of oil and grease (O&G) harder is their biodegradability and the forms of disposal of such waste. However, even though operational harms, the scum have high levels of oil and greases and this fact may favor its use to energy generation. In this context, the aim of this study were evaluate the decay rate oil and greases in scum in function of time and the change in the relation ratio of total volatile solids (STV) and total solids (ST). For this, sampling activities were carried out in a treatment station of sewage (ETE) located in Curitiba, Parana, Brazil, and the results showed a reduction higher than 80 % in the levels of O&G in the end of five weeks and the results from waste had a similar reduction in both locations scum generation: inside the three-phase separator (IST) and decanting area. This allowed suggest a reduction rate of the O&G content of 1.17 g/kg.day. Therefore in the end of the experiment the ratio of STV/ST showed a constant behavior representing a stable material.

The recent advances in Nanotechnology did the field of Nanoscience one of the most promising areas in the past two decades, attracting several researchers in the context of applications of nanomaterials on issues related to the environment. Particularly, the potential to revolutionize conventional treatment processes of water was recently stated. Many studies have evaluated the efficacy of antibacterial silver (AgNPs) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), since both nanoparticles show high inhibitory activity against a wide range of microorganisms. In this regard, systems using the layer-by-layer technique (LbL) are considered a good way of incorporating metal nanoparticles. Therefore, the present study aimed to prepare and characterize thin films obtained from solutions of weak polyelectrolytes (polyallylamine hydrochloride – PAH, and polyacid acrylic – PAA) with AgNPs e CuNPs, crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, aiming to develop new materials that could be used as a bactericidal agents in the disinfection of industrial wastewaters. Preliminary results showed that AgNPs are more efficient than CuNPs in the reduction of total coliform bacteria present in the treated industrial wastewater sample.

The industrial growth has been accompanied by the increase of the waste generation. Moreover, conventional effluent treatment does not produce treated effluent with possibility of reuse. Therefore one of the alternatives that have been used is the Reverse Osmosis (RO). The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of RO in the treatment of petrochemical effluents for reuse in cooling towers, evaluating the physical and chemical characteristics of the permeate. It was used a RO pilot plant with a polyamide membrane spiral wound (BW30-4040), with an effective membrane area of 7.5 m², supplied by DOW-Filmtec. The effluent was treated by RO at pressure of 5 bar and feed circulation flow rate of 600 L h-1, measuring the permeate flux every 15 minutes. By means of the RO treatment, removal rates above 98% for chloride, sulfate, conductivity, COD and hardness were obtained. From these results, it can be concluded that RO is an alternative for effluents treatment aiming the water reuse.

The industrial demand for complex chemicals generally has harmful effects on the environment. Organics Contaminants of Emerging Concerns (OCEC) are structures that have no parameters governing their presence, and their effects on the environment are not clearly known. Among OCEC, the Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR) generally present molecules associated with bromine, making these compounds stable, besides to be biocumulative and endocrine disruptors. The 2,4,6-Tribromophenol (TBP) is used as a flame retardant in polymers and fabrics. The presence of TBP in the environment is often linked to human activities, because conventional treatments are not effective in removal of this pollutant. In this way, Direct photolysis (DF) was evaluated to the treatment of TBP, verifying degradation by UV/Visible spectroscopy, mineralization by Total Organic Carbon (TOC), concentration by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and pH. A working solution containing 2 mg.L-1 of TBP was used. As UV radiation source was used a 250 W mercury lamp and a batch reactor with recirculation was applied. The pollutant demonstrated interaction with the proposed method, as could be seen in the reduction of the parameters.

The fear of the possible depletion of water suitable for consumption has led people to look for ways to reduce and control the rampant use. Thus, there are new alternatives to avoid the use of water for less noble purposes, such as the collection and treatment of graywater for reuse. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the availability and demand of greywater in the “Pavilhão de Aulas” of the Federal University of Viçosa - Campus Rio Paranaíba, as well as estimate the volumes of the reservoirs and treatment system. Drinking water consumption in cleaning yards and in the toilets discharges were estimated. In addition the volume of gray water daily generated was also determined. From these data it was possible to design the reservoirs and the volume of gray water to be treated. The results indicated that by providing graywater to supply part of the water demand of the building it is possible to save 66 cubic meters of drinking water per month.

With the advent of industrialization, the generation of industrial wastewater is increasing every year, and if not treated properly, can cause great damage to the environment. There are several technologies available for the treatment of industrial effluents, being divided into physical, chemical and biological processes. Biological processes are those which use microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria to degrade the wastewater and transform it into less harmful materials, and have been widely used by industries. This study aimed, through a literature review, explain about the biological processes employing the fungus of the species Aspergillus niger and the ability of this species to degrade industrial effluents.

High concentrations of nitrate can cause damage to health and the environment. This study aims to reduce nitrate, concentrated at 200 and 600 mg/L of NO3- in synthetic wastewater, through electrolysis with a copper electrode. The experimental design was carried out in a stack with cationic and anionic compartments, separated by a cationic membrane. Six hours assays were conducted using current density of 1,1 mA/cm². The cell potential, the pH, and the conductivity in both compartments were monitored during the experiments. Furthermore, aliquots of NaNO3 solution were taken at some intervals for analysis of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium, by ion chromatography. The results showed that in both concentrations, the nitrate reduction was 24% in six hours of experiments. The cell potential decreases from 11 V to 7.8 V to the solution with 200 mg/L of nitrate, while the 600 mg/L reduces the potential of 7.2 V to 5.9 V. The conductivity for the two solutions in both compartments increased over the same time. The pH of the cathode compartment increased over the time, while the anode compartment showed a reduction of it, in the two concentrations tested, because the reactions that occur at the electrodes.

Water scarcity has been discussed in a large number of sectors. However, the industrial sector is the one which has searched technologies that allow the wastewater reuse in the industrial process. In this sense, this study aims to apply the reverse electrodialysis (RED) to the treatment of a petrochemical wastewater for its reuse in cooling towers. The wastewater was collected after tertiary treatment carried out in the petrochemical industry and, before being treated by reverse electrodialysis (RED) was subjected to a pretreatment with sand and activated carbon filters. The experiments were performed with EDR in a pilot equipment, manufactured by Hidrodex, EDR 2.0 model - 300 1E 1s 2e. Assays were performed with two stacks in series (300 ion-selective membranes). An electrical potential of 150 V was applied to treat the wastewater from post-filters. After 4 hours of experiment, physical and chemical analyzes were performed in the wastewater post-filter and in the wastewater treated by RED. The flow rate of the diluted was 600 L.h-1, and the concentrate flow rate was 200 L.h-1, while the reject recirculation percentage was set at 25%. The results indicated a optimum RED performance since more than 85% extraction of the compounds present in the industrial wastewater was obtained. It was concluded that the process is viable for reusing wastewater in cooling towers.

The advantages of sewage treatment plants do not always reach the most vulnerable populations, among other factors, due to the high costs of installation and operation and the lack of collection systems; all of which, major challenges in both rural areas and in the main cities of Brazil. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of high-rate ponds for duckweed (LATM) and algae (LATA) production for the treatment of the effluent of a UASB anaerobic reactor receiving raw domestic sewage (EB). The average removal of NTK and total phosphorus (Pt) in the LATM was of 46.9±6.6 and 45.5±6.2%, respectively. In the algal-based pond the average removal of NTK and PT was of 45.8±14 and 37.8±5.1, respectively. Furthermore, differences in nutrient removals between both ponds after the operation with duckweed were not significant. This study also demonstrated the potential of biomass production using simple processes of wastewater treatment. Duckweed produced in HRPs, which can also be easily harvested using simple separation processes, has the potential to produce: 15,915.4 kg ha-1 y-1 (15.9 t) of protein that can be used for the production of animal feed and of 11,724.8 kg ha-1 y-1 (11.7 t) of highly biodegradable carbohydrates that can be easily converted into renewable fuels. On the other hand, nutrients recovered in the duckweed biomass, can be recovered into organic fertilizers in order to improve the sustainability of agricultural production systems.

Although there are several advantages in the use of stabilization ponds for the biological treatment of wastewater, such as low power consumption and easy to manage it, this treatment technology requires a post-treatment for the effluent to achieve the quality parameters necessary for the wastewater be released in water bodies. This paper presents a study in which two kinds of physical chemical processes were used as a way to post-treat these effluents: the coagulation, flocculation and conventional sedimentation and the flotation. In the course of the study, the optimal dosage of coagulant was measured through jar tests experiments and it was concluded that the optimal dosage of coagulant for that effluent was 0.032 mgAl+3/L-1. After that, flotation tests were carried out in specific equipment using the previously established coagulant dosage and different A/S relation. The best results were achieved for the relation equals to 0.361.

The jeanswear is one of the pieces most used around the world, and the strengthening and growth of the fashion market, each collection comes new possibilities for different washes that encourage consumers buy new parts. To this end, the denim laundries during his pieces made of beneficiation processes use chemicals and dyes that are transported to the fibers through the water, and can according to Salem (2010) consume up to 350 kg L-1 processed material. And end of the process effluents that are discharged without proper treatment, can cause incalculable impact the environment. Thus, the academic community over the past decades has been studying the use of heterogeneous photocatalysis applied to the treatment of textile effluents, which has the advantage destruction of the dye molecule eliminating the middle and decreasing the volume of solid waste generated in wastewater treatment processes (TEIXEIRA&JARDIM, 2004). This study was conducted the treatment of jeans laundry wastewater by heterogeneous photocatalysis using zinc and titanium oxides as photocatalysts, which showed good results in removing color. However, for the purpose of reusing the effluent of new processes the titanium dioxide catalyst was more appropriate

The search for new energy sources that are environmentally friendly, is growing every day. Among these alternative energy, biodiesel is a biofuel that comes with prominence in world production. Due to the unsaturated compounds, biodiesel is susceptible to autoxidation process, caused by contact with air. The ethyl biodiesel cotton has low oxidative stability in the composition with high contents of unsaturated fatty acids 49.9% w/ w linoleic acid (C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1) 22.7% w/w. In contrast, Castor biodiesel has excellent oxidative stability due to the high ricinoleic acid content (C18:1). Ethyl biodiesel blends of cotton / castor were prepared in the proportions of 25, 50 and 75% w / w BIOMAN to evaluate the effect of adding BIOMAN on the induction period and the density of BIOALG. It was observed that the blends with higher levels BIOMAN were more oxidatively stable.

The current global energy matrix is mainly based on non-renewable sources, such as coal and oil. Some alternative energy sources, including biodiesel and bio-kerosene, are thought to reduce the current demand of fossil fuels and to reduce their consequent harmful environmental effects. This study was addressed to the evaluation of the macaúba oils as a potential precursor to the synthesis of methyl esters of short and long carbon molecular chains to compose the biokerosene and the biodiesel, respectively. The pulp and kernel oils from the macaúba fruit were used as precursor source media for transesterification reactions with a heterogeneous catalyst based on silica, iron oxide and potassium iodide. The reactions were conducted by refluxing methanol and the macaúba oils at a molar ratio of 30:1 with 4.5% catalyst relative to the mass of the oil. The reaction products were monitored by thin layer chromatography. No ester was formed in the pulp oil macaúba medium. The mixture of esters in the kernel oil medium was chemically identified by gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry. Results from GC/MS show that about 38 mass% of the sample are esters from fatty acids with molecular chains of 8 to 12 carbons, which may constitute light components to the bio-kerosene. These results clearly evidence a promising approach for the synthesis of liquid biofuels, as alternative to both the mineral kerosene used in aviation and for the diesel fuel from the kernel oil from the macaúba fruit.

Biodegradable biopolymers, such as proteins (gelatin and collagen) and polysaccharides (starch and chitosan) are a good alternatives to replace the traditional plastics. They have been study to reduce the environmental impact caused by the extraction of raw material for preparation of traditional plastics and the slow degradation of the traditional plastics in the environment. This work aim the preparation of biodegradable plastics from two types of biopolymers, starch and gelatin. These plastics are prepared using different types and mass percentages of plasticizers such as, for example, commercial glycerol, crude glycerin from biodiesel and polyglycerol. The use of crude glycerin from biodiesel and polyglycerol in the preparation of these materials aims to expand the range of possible applications of the glycerol by-product of biodiesel preparation, providing added value to the glycerol and avoiding their improper disposal on the environment. The prepared plastics in this work will be characterized as their physical and chemical properties and the biodegradability, aiming to verify the influence of crude glycerin from biodiesel or polyglycerol in the final properties of the plastic and to compare them with the properties of the plastics prepared using commercial glycerol.

Concern about the environmental impacts generated by burning fossil fuels has intensified in recent decades. Therefore, processes for biofuel production are targets of several researches in recent years. Among them, the pyrolysis is distinguished by the wide range of raw materials that can be used, for example, biomass. From the energy perspective, the process is self-sustaining, since the 'break' a waste processing reactor produces energy surplus. This article behind a mathematical model describes the heat transfer and chemical phenomena that occur during the conversion reactor. Steady state, adiabatic reactor, inert particles, first order reactions are simplifying assumptions of the mathematical model. Discretization of the equations is made by combining the Method of Finite Differences with the Finite Analytic Method.

Microorganisms are microscopic beings that occupy a myriad of environments and perform the most varied functions. A number of desirable products the human being is made from microbial metabolism, such as traditional fermented products, are essential in the generation of ethanol. This study used microorganisms fermenting pentoses and hexoses, which found the fermentation potential of these micro-organisms in different ways. Furthermore, the study found the morphological and biochemical characteristics of bacterial and yeast cultures derived from lemon rind shavings and tested their fermentation capabilities. The use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the form of immobilized yeast was shown to be a good alternative for allowing high performance, ease of driving steps and separation of the immobilized cells. The reuse of the immobilized yeast is interesting, by reducing costs inoculum. It is concluded that among the carbon sources used for the microorganism growth, glucose is preferred because it is easily assimilated by metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the availability of sources of difference may cause changes in growth and colony morphology, and the production of ethanol is not directly related to the assimilation of glucose. The techniques used during the stages of isolation, cultivation, identification and fermentation to the shavings of lemon peel showed effectiveness and applicability.

The emission of pollutant gases by the time of the burning of fossil fuels has been discussed primarily in the context of developing sustainable ways of obtaining energy. One alternative is biogas produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic residues and can be used as biofuel. The main components of biogas are methane and carbon dioxide. For optimization of the fermentation process, the use of nutrients for growth of the biomass is necessary. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness compare the efficacy of two nutrient media with acetate, watching the methane production for enrichment of inoculum. Assays were performed in 600 mL Duran bottles, in duplicate, with a total of 244 ml of nutrient media; Acetate 3.6g and 20 g/L sludge. The cultures were maintained at 37 °C under orbital shaking for 15 days. Gas sample were collected were made to analyze in gas chromatograph in the 3th, 7th, 10th and 15th days. There was a lower methane production in the medium Zinder with 0.2625 mmolCH4 and Beal half was produced by CH4 0.3502 mmol of the 10th day. The addition of acetate to nutrient media showed higher methane production: 5.911 mmolCH4 (medium Zinder) on the 7th day and 5,510 mmolCH4 (medium Beal) on the 10th day. The results showed that the nutrient media Zinder with sodium acetate was effective in microbial growth in seven days in the production of biogas.

Biodiesel is a biodegradable fuel derived from renewable sources and presents potential to replace fossil fuels. The most common process for biodiesel production is the transesterification of oils or fat to produce ethyl esters and glycerol as byproduct. After the reaction, one of the most important steps is the esters purification because it determines the quality of the biodiesel produced. Purification is usually performed by using aqueous washings, with the disadvantage of generating large quantities of effluent that must be treated for disposal. This study aimed to study the biodiesel purification by dry method, using as adsorbents: activated carbon, boiler ash and bone charcoal. After the characterization of adsorbents, adsorption experiments were performed in batch mode. The biodiesel was produced by transesterification of ethyl corn oil using NaOH as a catalyst. It was also carried out conventional purification by decantation, followed by washing with acidified water. The efficiency of the purification process was evaluated by determination of the free glycerol content in the samples and the results showed the possibility of using the adsorbents studied for the removal of glycerol from biodiesel.

The search for environmentally cleaner fuels has been resulting in increasing efforts directed to the research and technological developments for the conversion of triacylglicerides and free fatty acids in bio-oils and fats into biodiesel. The homogeneous transesterification route is the most commonly used for this purpose due to its chemical fast rate and efficiency. However, the products so obtained usually concentrate high content of impurities, generates toxic wastes and the separation of the catalyst is economically not feasible for industrial purposes. The problems identified with the use of homogeneous catalysis can be mitigated through the heterogeneous catalysis. This work was devoted to the use of a heterogeneous catalyst based on potassium iodide and magnetic iron oxide supported on silica to the transesterification reaction. The catalyst was recovered and reused several subsequent reaction cycles. The reactions were carried out with 4 mass% of the catalyst, methanol and soybean oil in a molar ratio of 35: 1 and monitored by thin layer chromatography. After reaction completion, the mixture was filtered; the recovered catalyst was washed, dried and used in the new reaction cycle. These results evidence that the developed catalyst was chemically effective for five subsequent reaction cycles without significant loss of its catalytic activity. Besides being prepared from easily accessible materials, it is environmentally friendly because it is reusable, promoting the reduction of waste and production costs.

The feedstock of ligno-cellulosic materials and their derivatives may be used for energy production. Its use as energy source is advantageous because it is renewable and less polluting due it is a renewable resource that has lower emission rates than fossil fuels. Nevertheless, the indiscriminate use may decrease energy production efficiency and this is a reality in many rural areas. Thus, it is necessary to characterize woody biomass composition and its physical and chemical behavior, in order to do that, TGA (Thermal Gravimetric Analysis) has been an important tool in evaluating the energy potential of woody matter, and their waste bio-products. The pyrolysis of fuel as timber allows us to calculate the first derivative of the weight loss curve in function of the temperature (dα/ dT) and set plots that exert the dynamics of the degradation of its three major components: hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. The experiments were conducted in an inert atmosphere using argon gas and heating rate at 20 ° / min. Nine species were analyzed and by a holistic point of view, the species Tachigali myrmecophilla Ducke (Tachi-preto) and Ormosia paraensis Ducke (Tento) obtained results that qualify them for energy production.

Due to the excessive exploitation of natural resources, the world is reaching a level of consumption that borders unsustainable levels, which is why alternative solutions become essential to avoid impacts that could transcend the human activism. From this finding, it began to concern about the scarcity of non-renewable energy resources as well as the environmental effects caused by their uncontrolled use. Therefore, with a view exhaustibility forecast of fossil fuels and environmental problems, for example, global warming caused by excessive greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, it is necessary to find new energy alternatives to meet future demands and ensure an ecologically balanced environment. In this context, agro-energy, as a source of renewable energy, is considered by many as a new miracle, that is, as a solution to the energy crisis and environmental problems. However, like any other source it also has positive and negative aspects - environmental, social and economic - that must be weighed. Therefore highlights the important role of law and regulation for implementation of this energy source.

The search for alternatives to fossil fuels has been widely investigated by the scientific community. Biofuels show promise in this regard. Pyrolysis is a process whose thermochemical reaction occurs at higher temperatures, in an almost deoxygenated environment. Mathematical modeling is essential for optimization studies and scale up. Pyrolysis is shown as an excellent alternative for biofuels which derived from raw materials that come from renewable sources. This paper proposes a mathematical model to concentrated parameters describing the heat transfer phenomena and chemical conversion, at moving bed reactor. The model is solved using the concepts of the Finite Analytic Method. The method is also used to resolve a kinetic model of thermal cracking cooking oil.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of a holocellulolytic enzyme extract produced by Aspergillus tubingensis AN1257 and concentrated by salting out in saccharification processes of in natura and pretreated cottonseed and sunflower seed cakes. With use of the extract produced in this work was obtained hydrolytic efficiency values of 48% in the saccharification of in nature cottonseed cake and 60% for in nature sunflower seed cake. The sugars thus obtained consisting of pentoses and hexoses, can be used for bioethanol production. Thus, this study proved to be an attractive and promising alternative as a way to add value to low-cost co-products.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic extract produced by Aspergillus tubingensis AN1257 and concentrated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of in nature and pretreated cottonseed and sunflower cakes. The concentrated enzymatic extract allowed to conduct the process of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with titers of 100 U FPase / g cake, 50U endoglucanase / g cake, 650 U of β-glucosidase / g cake and 6400 U xylanase / g cake. Based on the results obtained in this study it was possible to design productions of 174 and 203 liters of ethanol per ton of in natura and pretreated sunflower cake, respectively. Since the processes of SSF applied to in natura and pretreated cottonseed cake protrudes, respectively, 104 and 120 liters of ethanol per ton of these biomasses.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of holocellulolytic enzyme extracts produced by Aspergillus tubingensis AN1257 with the use of cottonseed cake as carbon source in times of 7 and 9 days of fermentation in solid phase. The enzyme extract produced in this study with 7 and 9 days showed 2.7 and 4.3 U / mL for endoglucanase, 4.1 and 6.6 U / mL for FPase, 59.9 and 17.2 U / ml for β-glucosidase and 199.5 and 75.7 U / ml for xylanase, respectively. The extracts were used in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of cotton and sunflower seed cakes. There was obtained 7.95 g of ethanol per 100 g of saccharified and fermented cottonseed cake, value corresponding to a fermented must with a concentration of 10.6 g / L of ethanol, and 11.33 g of ethanol per 100 g of sunflower seed cake saccharified and fermented, value corresponding to a fermented must with a concentration of 15.1g / L of ethanol.

This article aimed to present an analysis of energy efficiency resulting from implementation of an Extension Project and Optimization of a Water Treatment Plant (WTP) in the city of Caxias do Sul . Therefore, this study did an energy comparison currently used with the energy used is implemented the project. In this way it was possible to quantify possible reductions in energy costs after implementation of this project. The result of this was possible reduction of 0.077 kW /year , representing about 16 % of electricity saving

Industrial growth and the current demand of society for industrial products generate many consequences because through the processes that are required to manufacture the products are generated various waste, including a type of solid waste that is generated by the smelting industry, which is discarded sand casting. Currently, looking to a final destination for waste generated since there are no adequate facilities for this purpose, resulting in improper deposition of sand. In this case, it was carried out an experimental study to establish the feasibility of using the sand casting rule of IMF. It analyzed the process of passage of the natural sand up to the final residue (ADF). A sand analysis taking into account the requirements determined by the technical standards, such as compressive strength and water absorption was made. After step tests were performed and the results analyzed to verify the feasibility of using the sand embedded in concrete blocks.

A Região Nordeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, região de abrangência da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, é bastante industrializada, gerando uma grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos urbanos e industriais. O município de Caxias do Sul é o maior município da região com aproximadamente 500.000 habitantes e a geração de resíduos sólidos domésticos é da ordem de 600 toneladas diárias, sendo que deste volume, 90 toneladas são recolhidos via coleta seletiva. Os resíduos sólidos são um grande desafio urbano e recuperar esses resíduos, com o auxilio de recicladores organizados, é uma alternativa. Esses trabalhadores, apesar de social e economicamente excluídos e muitas vezes estigmatizados pela sociedade em geral, estão realizando um importante serviço ambiental para a comunidade. As Centrais de Triagem apresentam necessidade de criar alternativas de fonte de renda e agregar valor os produtos comercializados pelas centrais de triagem. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho, tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de tecnologia para obtenção do produto vassoura poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET), divulgar o produto, a fim de criar uma alternativa para reutilização deste resíduo e ainda gerar renda extra aos catadores.

The generation of jobs is an important factor of economic growth, however, considering the negative effects that economic activities have generated on the environment, it is important to know where these jobs are allocated. Green jobs are jobs created in various activities that have impact, direct or indirect, positive on the environment. This grew by 35% between 2007 and 2014 in Brazil, but as the country has great environmental and economic diversity, it is necessary to conduct an investigation of the regional dynamics of growth. To this end, the study used the shift-share method and decomposed employment growth in the regions between components national, sectoral, regional and allocative. It was found that although the majority of green jobs focus on the South East, the North, Midwest and Northeast have shown significant advantages in the fields of renewable energy and sanitation. This evidence suggests that there has been a breakthrough or decentralization of activities related to environmental preservation as well as jobs towards the less favored regions of Brazil.

The availability of clean and renewable energy for the future is one of the biggest challenges of society and is closely linked to global stability, economic prosperity and quality of life. The recovery of energy from biomass has been studied by several researchers in the last decades. An attractive alternative is the production of biomass coupled with treatment of effluents to allow for cost reductions. This work presents the cultivation of algal biomass in high-rate pond (HRP) with subsequent separation by dissolved air flotation (DAF) using two surfactants. The HRP was operated under two different regimes, varying the hydraulic retention time (HRT), which was initially operated with 3 days HRT and then 7.5 days. In the first regime it was obtained a biomass concentration of 90.7 ± 44 and of 125.6 ± 68.3 mg / Lin the second. Moreover, the production per area was highest during the first operation regime 9.1 ± 4.4 g / (m² ∙ d) compared to the second 5.0 ± 3.4 g / (m² ∙ d). Separation of the biomass (dewatering) was achieved by means of DAF, using an organic flocculant (Tanfloc sg) and an inorganic coagulant (ferric chloride), the former being more effective for the removal of biomass, 88.2 ± 4.3% when compared to coagulant, 66.8 ± 11%. The operating costs per hour of ferric chloride was smaller, R$ 2.67, compared with Tanfloc sg, R$ 2.98, however to remove the same amount of biomass, Tanfloc sg showed lower cost.

The economic transformations of recent decades reached in a direct way the industrial sector. Globalization, competitiveness, production efficiency, the need for a more harmonious environment, have become essential for the maintenance of activities and industries in the national and world stage. Given this, the adoption of effective strategies in the production system are presented as essential prerequisites for ensuring the sustainability of the systems, not only for the present generation but also for future generations. In practice, this reality will only be achieved when economic, social and environmental pillars present a balance with each other and, therefore, the issues involved in this issue should be part of managers' daily life from the moment you give your training. In other words, sustainability must be provided inserted in the curriculum that leads to the formation of the cross-way manager from the first moment I entered the higher education by the time of completion of their course in order to highlight the importance of balance in these pillars as a solution for efficient, competitive and sustainable maintenance of current industrial processes.

The scientific plants cataloging is a study of a particular local flora with the objective to promote the vegetal species occurring through identification of exemplary using tags with the nomenclature of the species. The catalog may be accompanied by a printed report and/or folder with summary information for each species, providing an important didatic resource for the environmental education practice and meeting a necessity of the tourist/user, desirous of greater contact with nature. This activity was made at the technical consulting format in 6 opened places to the public, 5 in Nova Prata, RS (APAE, CTG Querência do Prata, AABB, Sociedade Grêmio Pratense, Águas Termais Caldas de Prata) and 1 in Vila Flores, RS (Pousada dos Capuchinhos). The studies showed the following results: with identification tags were identified 740 plants of 160 species (99 native and 61 exotic), distributed in 60 botanical families. The species with greater representation were Luehea divaricata (40 identification tags), Eugenia uniflora (34 identification tags), Campomanesia xanthocarpa (31 identification tags), Lithraea brasiliensis (27 identification tags), Allophylus edulis (24 identification tags), Matayba elaeagnoides (22 identification tags) and Sebastiania commersoniana (20 identification tags). Among the cataloged plants, there are species immune to the court by State Law No. 9519/92, as Araucaria angustifolia, Butia eriospatha, Dicksonia sellowiana, Myrocarpus frondosus and Trithrinax acanthocoma.

The Recycle More, Pay Less project of AES Sul aims to provide the residential customer practice sustainability, for the separate and deliver their wastes at collection point is contributing to the recycling of materials - diverting them from landfills or destinations inadequate, reducing the electricity consumption in the production chain, getting a credit on your electric bill as a bonus for the delivery of recyclable waste and raising awareness of environmental issues, in particular the management of municipal solid waste, has been promoting a process teaching and learning in these communities participating in the project.. This paper aimed to evaluate the project's contribution in environmental awareness and education through the development of competitions in elementary schools. The research methodology used was the exploratory analysis and case study development of competitions conducted through the project. The results showed that the environmental education project stimulate discussion and promote the knowledge, greatly contributing to environmental awareness of children, youth and adults and educating for sustainability.

The work aims to analyze the production of knowledge from 1999 to 2013 on Environmental Education - EA in the dissertations of Stricto Sensu Programs Professional Master in Sanitary Engineering of the country, recommended by the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination - Capes. A search was performed in the eight Professional Master's Program, totaling 444 dissertations. 16 works were located on the phrase "environmental education" in the title and / or abstract and / or the keywords. After review and methodological analysis of these studies, it was found that four dissertations were related to EA, all being produced in Southeastern Brazil. It is concluded the need for new ways of considering the production of knowledge in the field of Sanitary Engineering on the EA topic.

This article seeks to highlight the educational potential of the Environmental Information System (SIA) developed by the Instituto de Saneamento Ambiental (ISAM) through a technical cooperation agreement with the hydroelectric installed in the Taquari-Antas Basin. This system works through a web interface allowing the user to access information about the environment of the region. Its purpose is to store physical, chemical and biological monitoring data for these enterprises. Along with this data is stored information, as the characteristics of the species found in the region and water quality parameters, which complement, called metainformation. The educational potential is due to the fact that if used in isolation the metainformation can be used to develop features and informational pages about the fauna, weather, water resources and water quality of the region.

The Didactic Stumps Collection from Nova Prata was established in 2005 from handling jobs and pruning of urban arborization of the city as a pedagogical tool which is able to raise awareness about the evils of incorrect pruning. Composed until now for 56 pieces of natural wood, the collection seeks to portray concepts of arboriculture, correct and incorrect techniques of pruning, problems resulting from the misuse of tools, internal structures of wood, etc. Through descriptive captions, parts didactically illustrate technical concepts as growth rings, compartmentalization of injury, crest and necklace regions, occlusion, among others, and problems such as bark girdling, necrosis, included bark, epicormic branches and stumps of branches. The samples of wood are identified to species level, bringing together until now, 27 species of plants, of which 12 species are native and 15, exotic. The collection has been used in various technical training courses on pruning, and six environmental events in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, reaching by December 2015 an estimated public of more than 1,700 people in 104 Brazilian cities. As everything indicates, this is the only collection of gender in Brazil. Stands out its official presence in 3 specific events on urban arborization organized by the Brazilian Society for Urban Arborization - SBAU.

Environmental education has many associated issues, from the first discussions inStockholm Conference (1972) until Rio + 10 (Johannesburg, 2002), which have an impact on the creation of new discussions on the change of stance as to the relationship between human beings, society and nature. In this perspective, the aim is to discuss what is done at school to develop attitudes of respect, care andenvironmental sustainability. To this end, we brought some narratives recorded in thelogbooks ofthescholars PIBID and institutional Coordinator of subproject biology,resulting from the discussions and actions about education and environment in school, showing the possibilities and responsibilities in the formation of a newconscience front-environmental relations and tecnoscientifics.

Realizing the University role in graduating educators, specifically environmental ones, this paper aims to understand how the social and environmental issue has been included in this process as your attendance is required on graduation's curriculum. Filling this demand is necessary to apply it on Basic Education in inter and transdiciplinary ways. Based on the theoretical framework of Environmental Education criticism, having Freire as lead author, our methodological ground targets the documental analysis of the graduation's PPCs syntheses by Unochapecó, picking categories related to environmental concerns. The analysis revealed a synoptic picture about the presence of the environmental issues in the curriculum, which has shown this matter especially in Biological Sciences courses, while in other graduations the presence is irrelevant, punctual and from an uncritical perspective.

This work brings approach to the evaluation of urban environmental impacts in the Municipal Park of Lagoa Bateias in Vitoria da Conquista, the southwestern region of Bahia, stemming from a disorderly urban occupation and lack of municipal planning. The study area is a very important conservation unit for the municipality and which urgently needs a study that aims to diagnose and monitor the environmental fragility of the park. This study aimed to assess the environmental perception of students from nearby schools to the park. It was evident that the lack of security, lighting and lack of infrastructure are some of the reasons why people do not so frequent the area. Respondents believe that water pollution, noise and the release of waste are the main causes of environmental degradation. The awareness, improved infrastructure and the encouragement of cultural events were mentioned as alternatives to increase the space of the park and attract more visitors. Given the above, due to the great importance of the park to the quality of life of the city of Vitoria da Conquista population monitoring studies, awareness and community mobilization aimed at conserving natural resources are extremely important.

The school is a faithful reproduction of social life, is it reflecting all the company's characteristics in which it operates, carrying is it that should begin to change we desire. This study aimed to get students to know and understand the concepts related to the 5 R's of environmental education, sensitizing students about the issues that are relevant to each of the words The activity consisted of providing students a time when they had knowledge about these concepts and would later play the dominoes game, which was developed with images and words referring to the same concepts. Data collection was performed by applying post-test consists of 5 questions with 5 alternative answers. From the analysis of these responses can be reached to conclude the importance of such practices, which provides moments of reflection concepts to students and not the mere reproduction of them so young people had the opportunity to deconstruct old ideas adapts them and relate the new and old knowledge.

This paper presents an environmental education project developed through the integration of the private sector (referred to in this work of "company") and government in Nova Prata, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Through a business initiative proposed activities were carried out internally and externally, whose integration with the government occurred through the participation of schools from a previous schedule. Activities were carried out: lectures, visits dependencies and company structures, visit to a native forest preserved by the company and planting seedlings. From the activities we noted the importance of the relationship between the public and private power to conduct outreach activities, allowing the community to know the environmental impact minimization control mechanisms maintained by the private sector. For the private sector, these activities can be used in the marketing of it, standing out as a company with social and environmental responsibility by promoting interaction between the private environment and the community and concerned to raise awareness in the community regarding the preservation and conservation of the environment

This work aimed to report the experience of practical classes of gastronomy, about the organic waste generated during the production of food, identifying critical points and proposing sustainable changes for the same. This work was conducted in six field trips. The dynamics of the work was divided into three stages: observation of organic solid waste generated, survey of the critical points that influence these generations, as well as proposed solutions for reduction of this waste generated. The comparison of the weighing of food produced with the weight of organic waste generated has resulted in a drop of approximately 50%. During the practical observations were raised four critical points and solution proposals with regard to the sustainability of the process of food production in class: discard practices required surplus food produced at the end of the lesson: proposal was the food produced on a sensory Panel for students of other series; logistics of purchases of inputs: proposal for direct purchase without intermediary; waste of food by-products (husks, stalks, leaves, bulbs): proposal was take advantage of these in different recipes; sustainable waste disposal: proposal was drafting a composters. In implementing the theory in practice signals to a change in behavior of the student out of the classroom by reflecting positively on future professional life. Environmental education using Active awareness-raising methodologies aimed at interfering positively in future decision-making on the generation of waste causing the professional future see the critical points and propose solutions to reduce the environmental impact of waste.

Araucaria angustifolia, also known as Pine-of-Parana, is a typically Brazilian tree of the southern and southeastern regions and of great economic and cultural value to Brazil. Due to the quality of wood, in recent decades, it was extracted in large quantities, without it being possible replanting sustainably and therefore is present in the list of endangered species released by IBAMA. Its planting is easy driving and germination and development in short time, which makes it a good choice for use in educational projects involving botany. Through planting, students can follow phases ranging from planting, seed germination, early development of stem, leaves and roots and even the growth of the first branches that will form the treetop. Thus, two public schools one in São Paulo and another in the city of São José dos Campos and a private company in the logistics industry have teamed up to that together they could plant, care for and make replanting in typical conservation area of this species thus promoting not only environmental education but also the replacement of trees in their natural habitat and the results were favorable to planting 400 seedlings by students from both schools and employees of the company involved, signaling the possibility of projects involving groups of different segments but with unique preservation goal.

The Tabebuia vellosoi (Toledo), popularly known as Yellow-Ipe is a Brazilian plant, typical of open formations of the rain forest from the top of the rainforest, but with good development also in regions with Cerrado characteristics. It is considered a symbol tree of Brazil. Reproduction can be by cuttings or seeds that require dormancy breaking to obtain better germination rates, which sometimes becomes problematic because of differences in how to proceed. In literature, quotes were found in that indicate periods ranging from 12 to 60 hours of immersion in water before planting. This research aimed to then assess what is the best period to break dormancy. The results show that the seeds subjected to 18-hour break dormancy showed better results compared with other periods, facilitating even after bud break, the replant changes in bags for later definitive replanting

This work was done in order to disseminate, raise awareness and promote the use of digesters as a treatment of organic waste and biogas generator, renewable energy source, including students of a school. To this end, it conducted a university extension project, having as target students from the 9th year of the School Miguel Burnier, located in the municipality of Coronel Barros, northwest region of Rio Grande do Sul state. The project consisted of four life with meetings 4 hours each, by following these steps: (1) lecture on biogas as a renewable energy source, (2) digesters building workshop, (3) analysis of the biogas produced and (4) socialization of results. Thus, the development of this activity provided the development of specific theoretical knowledge and practice to students, the awareness and importance of teamwork, job opportunity with the community, integration of various areas of knowledge and awareness about the growing importance of accountability Environmental in all areas.

This work intends to carry out the Project Sustentabilizando the Crystal neighborhood community - one of the PET group projects Environmental Management - Connections and Knowledge, and SHAKE on Youth, the two being programs of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Rio Grande do Sul Technology , Campus Porto Alegre. The current project aims to promote actions related to environmental education in different locations of a community on the outskirts of the city of Porto Alegre, with the main objective to develop tools and strategies that contribute to the reduction of environmental impacts and to reduce consumption of natural resources used by local residents, and also to the formation of a culture of good hygiene practices and care for the environment - building sustainable spaces - also seeking to build knowledge for the formation of a conscious subject, engaging and critical posture to social, political, environmental and economic issues. The actions will be developed through four generating themes: water, waste, energy and revitalization environments.

The media with the technological advances and the introduction of new electronic equipment become obsolete in short time and increase your potential disposal in the environment. This fact generates waste that have in its constitution heavy metals and a long time degradation in the environment. The non-utilization of its waste and improper disposal thereof becomes a serious threat to the environment. Because of this it is essential that schools enter into their themes actions related to environmental education so that students become more aware citizens regarding the use of these materials, degradation time of the same, environmental issues regarding the recycling and disposal environmentally friendly. This work aims to develop educational activities with students of the 3rd year of high school State School in the town of Antonio Prado / RS with respect to electronics, environmental damage components of electronic wastes and their participation in preserving the environment educating them to the correct destination. Didactic proposed activities enabled the student to realize that the use of technology improves the life of man in some respects, however unconscious disposal and / or electronics incorrect cause serious damage to the environment. The results provide evidence on the perceptions of students regarding the appropriate use of these electronic and better environmental quality and of life in society depends not only on government attitudes or business decisions, but essentially ethical awareness and citizen of each of us.

The work was led by agronomy students, linked to the group Biofertirrigação research through an extension project at the University of International Integration of Lusophone African-Brazilian, whose main theme was the construction of gardens and spread of environmental technology as promotion of spaces of rehabilitation in the community Colony Antonio Diogo, State of Ceara. Vertical gardens were established in partnership with the management team Cologne. During the execution of the project were held workshops with members of the Sacred Heart Group to work all the development stages of suspended vertical gardens: preparation of vessels from plastic bottles, soil preparation, planting, transplanting and maintenance. The vessels were planted vegetables, herbs and flowers. Production of vertical gardens in a sustainable manner is promoting awareness of the Group's members regarding the preservation of natural resources, and the search for a healthier diet.

In 1992 occurred at the Rio de Janeiro city the United Nations Conference on Environment and the Development, which became known worldwide Rio 92 or Eco 92. From several important documents emerged, between them, an Agenda 21 Global, this gave origin for others, as the Agenda 21 Brasileira. This brazilian version was launched in 2002, and has in its structure twenty one objectives associated for the sustainable development the country and protection of its natural resources. Addressing the theme of water, the objective 15 brings the water, an theme which is and always will be a topic of concern and constant discussion. The present article emerged with a class entitled "Water, Agenda 21 and You" for students in three high school classes an public school in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul. This class had as main objective, develop the criticality of the student front the water, and the dissemination and importance of the Brazilian Agenda 21. During the activity, the students had to relate the contents for chemistry, reference the water and its properties. Disasters involving the water were seen. At the end of this moment was created a debate of the mentioned themes, and after the students wrote text which were analyzed and some parts will discuss at this article. We can perceive the importance and the involvement demonstrated by student’s front at the theme water and the learning about this agenda 21.

From the new conceptions of the environment in Brazil, this is seen as a public good. At the same time, the issue of environmental impacts that occur due to human activities is becoming increasingly common. No environmental education this problem may become even more serious, since there is a lack of commitment to teaching practice worked with the student. Thereby Brazilian schools need to change the way environmental education is dealt with students. This work seeks to understand, from the conceptions of environmental education, which is the understanding of students of a public school in the city of Diamantina-MG as the human-environment relationships and knowledge about local environmental issues. For this was done applying a questionnaire to students of the 3rd year of high school to a public school of Diamantina, and later, a lecture was focused on regional environmental impacts was given. The results show that students have the notion that the man is responsible for environmental degradation and agree that it should do something to reverse the situation, however, students can not propose efficient solutions to these problems. We conclude that it is necessary to focus teaching on environmental issues, and that this fact will only be achieved by inserting in everyday school life the precepts of environmental education in a clear and stimulating way.

This paper reports the performance achieved by the students of biological sciences at the Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, in the first semester of the year 2013, which aimed to create radio programs of a scientific nature related to mining activities, especially in Diamantina region. The proposed activity to undergraduates had intuto of transforms them into agents disseminators of scientific knowledge and represented an activity of great importance to teacher education. For the developing of the work was used material and the space belonging to the project "Radio Science, consisting of a project of science communication by radio of the UFVJM. Ten radio programs that explored issues related to mining and the life of the miner were produced. This work is an essential activity for the knowledge of this subject and so unknown and present in the region of Diamantina.

This work has as main objective the awakening of scientific vocation and environmental awareness in students of elementary school public school, using as thematic monitoring of water quality. The methodology was developed with six students from Years Finals EMEF Italo John Balen, located in the watershed of Arroyo Pena Branca belongs to the River Basin I fell in the urban area of the municipality of Caxias do Sul, RS. The activities were developed through consultation with experts and specialties including theoretical framework of water resources, on-site observation and photographic stream record, water collection and macroinvertebrates from the stream, sorting and identifying macroinvertebrates collected, quality results analysis watershed water on the field and in the laboratory, determining the Quality Index stream of water through IQA calculator, CONAMA Resolution 357, with the classification criteria of surface fresh water and framework, setting up a freshwater aquarium. After a year of project execution, the six students participated verification strategy, the focus group, pointing in the interview that there was so much awakening to the scientific vocation, and to environmental awareness. Realizing the effects of human activities on the natural environment, gaining important experience and knowledge, they reported the fact of scientific research as essential in its proactive role in the environmental area. The involvement of students in primary education in research activities proved to be an important tool for their applicability in environmental education activities.

Environmental education is fundamentally a matter of primary order to be treated between families and the school environment as well as being one of the premises of the Scout movement, through the committed citizen training and engaged in this cause. In this context, this paper presents an environmental education project with young people participating in the scouting movement which sought to ascertain the perception of environmental issues and to raise awareness of them through activities such as: workshops, debates, video display and application questionnaires, performed with the group. From these activities, it was observed that there are still some gaps in environmental perception of the Boy Scouts youth but there was an evolution of the knowledge of young people about the issues addressed throughout the activities and awareness thereof, will become more aware citizen taking this information schools and family environment. It notes the possibility of creating an educational material with activities to be shared among the scouts groups in order to make the theme "environment" a major pillar of the movement, which will include the children, youth and adult nature.

Water is a fundamental and necessary element for the survival of living beings on Planet Earth. In this context, it is necessary teaching strategies for environmental awareness, in which students recognize the importance of their actions in the face of environmental issues. In order to enable environmental experiences, activities were conducted that aimed to raise awareness among students of a school of public schools in Caxias do Sul, RS, about the importance of preservation of water resources. The activities allowed autonomy in the construction of knowledge and the integration of theory with practice.Lectures were held, exit the field in a stream near the school and a series of experiments on water. 26 students participated in the activities of the third year of high school in the year 2015. During the activities students shared their prior knowledge, they were questioning and participatory, building thus learning significantly. Environmental experiences allowed for the construction of values, skills and knowledge acquisition geared towards the preservation of water resources.

This paper presents the strategies adopted to conduct an environmental education project directed to kindergarten students of municipal schools of Antonio Prado and their results. The project was carried out according to the programs, projects and initiatives established by the Municipal Plan for Sanitation, during the school year 2015, through play activities and practices with a view to environmental awareness. The activities carried out were approached oriented concepts and attitudes toward the environment, particularly with regard to water, waste, recycling, dengue, among others. With the development of this project, it was found that it is possible to carry out environmental education activities that bring effective results targeting audiences students of early childhood education. At the end of the activities identified the project's success through the satisfaction of the participants, family and school community, and yet, through the results obtained from the questionnaires to teachers involved in the project. The results confirm the possibility of continuing environmental education for this target audience in the city of Antonio Prado and are an example for initiatives in other municipalities.

This paper analyzes the hyperconsume and its effects on modern society, and to underscore the environmental impact arising therefrom. For this, seeking subsidies in the literature research, this article aims the reflection on the need for a new environmental rationality, to be built through an environmental education truly committed to the indispensability of a healthy environment, compared to the damages arising from the dominant logic consumer and exauriente.

Didactic Stumps Collection of Nova Prata, created in 2005 from the pruning work of urban trees of the city, composed by 56 natural wood pieces that depict concepts of arboriculture, correct and incorrect techniques of pruning, internal structures of wood, etc. This study evaluated the viewers´s perception of the collection about its usefulness as a pedagogical tool to raise awareness. The survey was conducted with a selected sample of 25 spectators from 589 Visitors Registration names of the collection, which was sent by e-mail 4 questions, replied by 17 of them. The answers inform the didactic stumps impress all respondents from the handling of parts, may soon serve as an awareness tool based on the principles of environmental education and deserves wide dissemination. The target public suggested focuses on arboriculture professionals and students of elementary and secondary education as well as in academic areas of environment and urban planning/engineering. Apparently, this is the only collection of gender in Brazil. Thus, it is appropriate not only the relevance of the collection as well as the need for greater encouragement and support to the growth of the collection.

Over the last decades, with the increase in world population, industrial and technological development, consequently, the amount of waste and garbage discharged to the environment also increased, which makes the recycling process increasingly important to improve the society quality of life. As many cities do not have a proper place for garbage disposal, the reuse of materials becomes the best solution, since it brings economic, social and environmental benefits. Therefore, it is necessary to make the selective collection of waste and promote public awareness regarding the environment preservation, to consolidate this process. Analyzing this context and the fact that most of the materials that are discarded can be recycled, we seek to develop recycling and environmental education programs through workshops in the Lucas Araújo Foundation, located in Passo Fundo / RS. In this way, social and environmental activities were carried out, which stimulate children's creativity, solidify sustainable actions, promote school interaction and aware that a re-education is needed in attitudes toward society and the environment.

In this work, we intend to bring to the discussion elements capable of innovating, perfectibilizarem education as a way of effectively implementing a social and environmental sustainability. For both talks about what this article is called: "emergency centers to deal with social and environmental crisis". Face the problems of non-effectiveness of environmental education, as well as the parameters established in modernity, leading to unique ways technology economic domination, with no, or almost no concern with the environment and social aspects.

The Amazon is the region of greatest biodiversity and has great importance for the balance of the environmental stability of the planet. In recent decades the region has suffered from environmental degradation such as deforestation, poaching, etc., threatening its rich diversity that is still little known and disclosed. Environmental education stimulates the emergence of a culture connection between nature and society, through the formation of an ecological attitude in people. Given this context, it was proposed the development of educational booklets with information about the local fauna, enabling the community better understand the wealth of the Amazon fauna, its importance and conservation, generating environmental awareness related to nature through a didactic description some animals of the Amazon jungle with a more simple and accessible language. Lectures and workshops will be held on the subject in some public schools and design house mining company Imerys Imerys Rio Capim kaolin, located in Vila do Conde, in the city of Barcarena, State of Pará, will be subsequently distributed the booklets. The booklets will be implemented in selected elementary and secondary schools, assessing the degree of effectiveness of the instrument to transfer scientific and influence behavior. The transfer of scientific information and training of students in rural and urban communities can reduce the negative impacts on the forest. A well-informed community will be able to build a more positive attitude towards the conservation of the Amazon.

Nowadays environmental issues turn out to be key topics for discussion, mainly to improve the population's quality of life. Thus, this study aimed to encourage the reuse of paper, through the production of seed paper, as a tool to demonstrate the importance of recycling, reducing waste and the possibility of developing a new look at nature by students elementary school. This study was conducted with 15 students of the 8th grade of elementary school to a public school of Santiago / RS. Preceding the holding of the activity, the students received a box for storing papers discarded in the classroom, which would later be used in the proposed activity. In the paper collected in boxes were used for making paper seed a blender, trays, roller mass, screens, and seeds of various culinary herbs. All students participated in the production of seed paper. The activity was developed with student interest, particularly in storing paper prior to experimental practice a collection aimed to reflect on the daily paper waste and disposing of it. Thus, it concludes that the modification of habits and surrender values can be maintained and restored by applying principles and practices of environmental education in many different social segments, especially in the school context.

Daily witness speeches about the importance of sustainability and clean energy in construction, this concern that arises with the contemporary society that has been dominated for years by the consumer society and the broad range of disposable products and technologies that did not include the reuse and products that take parameters of sustainability. With this concern, this paper investigates the energy viability of the deployment of a mini photovoltaic solar power plant in the URI, Santo Angelo, to meet the energy demand of one of the buildings as a starting point for energy self-sufficiency at the University. The search for clean alternatives face to population growth and its need and dependence for energy, generate alarming levels of pollutant gases in the atmosphere and must be combated. The decentralization of energy generation, is led by hydroelectric power plants in Brazil, whereas in European countries there is balance in distributed energy generation. Thus, we seek solutions with good choices of projects that avoid aggression to all Earth's atmosphere.

The high energy consumption in the face of a deficient energy supply, implies the need for buildings to apply energy efficiency projects in order to reduce consumption and make efficient use. University campus, which consume large amounts of energy with its lighting systems, they become a playing field for improving energy efficiency projects. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the lighting of the Campus buildings of a higher education institution of the Serra Gaucha systems, applying the procedure laid down in energy audits, proposing improvements and assessing the economic feasibility of its Implementation. By surveying the current system have been proposed retrofit scenarios of the equipment used. The results show that although the initial investment, you can reduce waste to energy by 29% and achieve payback in less than five years. These changes combined with other initiatives and staff training will provide scenarios for improving the energy performance of the university campus

The world is expanding. It is probable that in 2100 we have 10 billion people. Population growth and consumption growth for industrial products causes the world to reach levels never imagined in waste generation. Linked to this, we still have the problem of disposal of all this waste, which is causing serious environmental problems and can lead to the extinction of the human race. Thinking about these problems, the purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the worst environmental liabilities existing today can be solved and still become solution to another big problem which is the energy generation. The motivation of this article was to understand the technologies available for municipal solid waste incineration and find what would be the potential for electric power generation from the incineration of such waste, based in the waste generated by the city of Porto Alegre.

Poultry litter, waste generated by poultry farming, has its main destination the use in soil as fertilizer, although, the non-controlled use for this purpose can result in environmental impacts. Therefore, the thermochemical conversion of this waste can be an alternative for its final destination, since its products can be converted into energy. In this work, poultry litter wastes were pyrolyzed in a fixed bed reactor, operating in batch system. A N2 atmosphere and 1L.min-1 flow were used. During the pyrolysis reaction (thermal treatment conducted at moderate temperatures and in the oxygen absence), the waste volatile matter is decomposed into three fractions (solid, liquid and gas). The fuel gas produced is essentially composed of non-condensable gases (H2/CO/CH4/CO2) and higher molecular weight gases (CxHy). These gases can be used in several applications such as heat and/or electricity production. The temperature influence was evaluated from the gas fraction yield. The results showed that with increasing temperature, there was an increase in hydrogen production (from 10.29 to 61.62 vol.%) and a decrease in carbon dioxide production (from 56.97 to 7.59 vol.%). Hence, this process becomes attractive, especially due to the possible gas reuse by the farm.

Gasification is a promising technology for energy production from wastes, however, the mechanism of this reaction for biomass is not fully understood. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the kinetics of steam gasification of sawdust using three theoretical kinetic models and one semiempirical model. First, the sawdust was pyrolyzed in a fixed bed reactor. The raw solid and the biochar were characterized by physicochemical analysis. Gasification tests were performed in a thermobalance with 100 mg of biochar, between 750 and 850 °C and concentration of 30 vol.% H2O. It was found that an increase in temperature increases the gasification rate, which is nearly constant for conversions between 10-90% at higher temperatures. At lower temperatures, a sharp peak is found in 10%, with decreasing values until the end of the conversion curve. The best fitted model was the semiempirical, which takes into account the catalytic influence of metals present in the sawdust. With the fitted parameters it was possible to verify the change in the controlling regime and to find the kinetic parameters, which are close to the values found in the literature for biomasses, thus indicating the sewage potential for energy use.

The high use of fossil fuels to supply the global demand for energy, especially in the industrial and transport sectors, has been the main cause of environmental impacts due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions and its substantial contribution to the increase in global temperatures. In this context the search for new renewable energy sources is demanded in order to supply, the current energetic demand. Among the energy possibilities, the biogas generated from the anaerobic digestion of the sugarcane industry’s still age is a promising alternative to the non-renewable energy sources currently used. However, for the biogas to be used as a mean of energy and heat its purification is extremely important, aiming to remove the impurities and to increase the efficiency for using it as a fuel. The insertion of gas separations technologies in the manufacturing market, in particular of membrane technologies, is one of the means to improve the alternatives power generation for later use, with low impact on the environment.

In the apple production, the selection step, generates a high amount of waste, which in this work was used in the biogas generation. The gas volume and the gas composition were evaluated from the biodigestion assays using apple waste, sludge from wastewater treatment plant and horse manure, individually, and co-digestion assays using apple/sludge (50 g/20 mL) and apple/ manure (50 g/ 20 g). The produced volume was higher in the co-digested samples in the end of 55 days of test. The biogas generated in the sample of apple/manure presented methane concentration of 10% until the 6th day and hydrogen concentration of 20% until the 9th day of assay. The apple/sludge sample presented only hydrogen production (20%) from the 23o day to 30o day. This result can be due to the apple composition, rich in carbohydrates, which favored the acid production, inhibiting the methanogenic bacteria.

The energy crisis that is worrying, not only Brazil but the whole world, brings the need to search for alternative energy sources which causes less impact on the environment. Another problem currently faced is the generation of waste and wastewater that require proper treatments and controls. The use of biogas as a renewable energy source has been showing attractive considering the potential use of waste and effluents as organic substrate, which can produce energy through anaerobic digestion processes. The objective of this study was to compare the potential of biogas generation with energy potential generated by glycerol, a byproduct derived biodiesel-manufacturing industries and sucrose characterized by having readily degradable. They were tested anaerobic digestion systems of discontinuous operation powered bench top reactors (19,2L useful volume). Three cases were evaluated, 3, 6 and 9% of organic matter in relation to the useful volume of the reactor. The hydraulic retention time was 15 days for each proposed condition. Finished experiments it was noted that glycerol possess greater potential for the generation of biogas with energy potential, while sucrose, which has easy degradation ends up acidifying the reactors, inhibiting the methanogen process.

Not only in the historical past, but today, energy resources play an important role. Increasingly, its availability determines its gear and growth of modern societies. However, despite having this key role as a driver of societies, energy resources do not have a clearly defined classification objectively. The theoretical references are scarce, and the concepts are presented in a manner cloudy, with a haze of vagueness. With so many uncertainties, it sought to clarify the issue: First, doing an extensive literature review. Then compiling all models of existing energy resources classification. With seven models found gathered and analyzed, they were added six coming concepts from other sciences. With these 13 defined criteria, it was proposed a new classification that divides the energy resources into three types: priority resources or priority energy; Additional resources or complementary energy; and additional resources or additional energy.

Poultry litter, waste generated by poultry farming, has its main destination the use in soil as fertilizer, although, the non-controlled use for this purpose can result in environmental impacts. Therefore, the thermochemical conversion of this waste can be an alternative for its final destination, since its products can be converted into energy. In this work the characterization of poultry litter waste was carried out through proximate (moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon), thermogravimetric and calorific value analysis, in order to use the waste for energy purposes. The results indicated a main devolatilization region between 150 and 450°C for both evaluated fractions (top and base). The high content of volatile matter (69.8% for top and 62.6% for base), as well as the calorific value found (15.27 for top and 17.62 MJ/kg for base) make them attractive residues for thermochemical conversion processes.

With population growth comes the increased demand for food and the pork is one of the most important sources of animal protein used in human food. In response to this demand is the increase in livestock that generate large amounts of waste concentrated in small areas. This paper presents a proposal for collective systems for handling manure, also called clusters, and consequent generation of electricity from biogas, for swine herd installed in 2012 in the municipalities of Serafina Corrêa and União da Serra, State of Rio Grande do Sul by locational proximity of assessment and land slope. From the preparation of maps and hypsometry clinografia municipalities associated with plotting the location of the swine herd, it was proposed five clusters where the waste of 8,660 animals are conducted entirely by gravity. The biogas generated in the anaerobic treatment, is transformed into electrical energy, could supply 285 homes whose average monthly consumption is 200 kWh or can be inserted into the internal or external network of property, corroborating in extra income to pig farmers and the sustainability of the activity. From this objective job initiate a technical assessment in order to enable these collective treatment systems and reduce the environmental impacts generated by pig activity.

The beneficiation process from sugar cane, the main component of ethanol, generates large amounts of potentially toxic waste, one of the vinasse, which has a high content of organic and mineral matter. The current allocation of vinasse is its use in fertigation of reeds, which can bring damage to soil and groundwater. An alternative to this is the treatment of this waste by anaerobic processes, which creates a by-product hydrogen. Hydrogen, in turn, it is a source of clean energy, with a high energy potential. In this work the vinasse was used in a fermentation process, in order to analyze the production of hydrogen. New Brunswick one bench reactor with capacity of 7.5 L was used The composition of the reactor was: 5 L vinasse and 50 g of biomass dry weight from a UASB reactor. The applied parameters were: 70 rpm agitation, 37 ° C and pH control. The volume of gas produced was quantified with a method adapted from Boyle's law. To determine the composition of the biogas generated, as well as to identify the presence of organic acids in liquid samples, analyzes were conducted by gas chromatography. At the end of the experiment it was shown that hydrogen production is possible and other acidic components through vinasse digestion using mixed cultures.

The use of kites is ancient in human history, but only since the 80s arrangements for power generation began to be considered. In this work, the physical and mathematical principles of electricity generation by kites are presented. It was shown that the maximum power is reached by the theoretical model of the kite using crosswind.

The Cleaner Production is the application of a technique that aims to improve production processes, generating an economic gain, in addition to reducing environmental risks and human health The objective of this study was to characterize a broom industry and propose a methodology comparing the options of Cleaner Production. For the analyzes of the best production option Cleaner to apply , used the Gain Score methodology of Cleaner Production Options and Eco-Efficiency Graph Method. From the assessment made on the spot, rose two options for Cleaner Production: substitution of raw materials and rainwater reuse Applying the methods mentioned above, both showed the same result, that the replacement of raw material is more advantageous option. Thus , the suggested approach has proven practical and functional , since it is less complex than the previous one

The AFV Management System as other systems are structured to achieve standardized operations and through the windows to demonstrate the efficiency and productivity. In Management System organizations have indicators that demonstrate the operation and the results of performance. Thus, the article aims to demonstrate the ELV indicators of the European model, more specific in Portugal. The research is exploratory in the European ELV Management System, more specific in Portugal. It was defined as an object of research to VALORCAR organization in Portugal for ease, similarity and language. Data were collected in the corporate VALORCAR the site to be indicators that depict the Management System and are in the computerized database. The results clearly demonstrate that the management system of the ELV VALORCAR which is in full operation and with a tendency for improvement of its indicators. In 2013, the VALORCAR Management System reused and valued 92.7% of AFV with a mean age of 19.4 years, totaling 75,484 cars with an average weight of 946 kg / Automotive. In 2014 the car fleet in the state of São Paulo is 16.3 million cars. The number of motor vehicles used for the auction undocumented to right with # 1. Half of 2015 is 14,500 cars. So it can be said that we have no official indicators AFV dismantling of the State of São Paulo.

The increasing social concern with environmental issues presses organizations to include environmental commitment to their work process. This situation is also occurring within the automotive industry, causing automakers to seek environmental certifications to stay strong in the market. However, major brands have realized that certifying the automakers is not enough. This environmental standardization should occur throughout the value chain of the industry, including dealerships. In this context, the objective of this study is to propose a set of indicators for environmental management of a dealership of light vehicles, since environmental management systems (EMS) should be constantly monitored in order to provide continuous improvement. The methodology consists in the characterization of the company, in the bibliographic research of environmental indicators and the selection of the best suited indicators to the work process of the company. A set of 50 indicators was selected to the dealership, divided by requirements of ISO 14001. The analysis of the results gave tools that help the company management to check periods of greater or lesser ecological efficiency.

The incorporation of sustainable patterns of use and exploitation of natural resources is seen as a differentiator able to generate competitive advantages within an organizational context. Thus companies have sought to integrate the principles and practices of sustainable development in their business context , reconciling economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainability. This study has as its central objective to know the main aspects that guide the company's actions towards environmental responsibility as a competitive strategy. For this, initially carried out a literature review on issues related to environmental management and environmental responsibility. Then a case study through interviews and documentary analysis into one of the leading companies in the Brazilian sugarcane sector was prepared . The results show the key role of the incorporation of socio-environmental imprint on the strategic dimension of the company. The company studied has developed in this direction , in which the main aspects of economic management business has incorporated environmental dimension. Similarly the alcohol sector as a whole has also followed this direction, in which the correct environmental resource management shall fundamentally by a new design in relation to the management of people, technology and processes .

The bodywork of can offer inadequate conditions to health and worker safety in developing its functions. This paper seeks to objectively assess whether exposures to workers of auto body, object of this study are submitted if they are consistent and appropriate to the Brazilian health and safety legislation. The study was conducted from March to July 2015, with interviews to survey the information relating to processes, equipment and accident history in order to characterize the profile of the company. The noise level measurements were performed and the local temperature. The average temperature reached was 19 ° C, or within standards limits. Regarding the equipment: a drill, esmirilhadeira, sanding, welding equipment and machine-tools presented higher level of noise that stipulated a ceiling without use of PPE by the Regulatory Standard No. 15, establishing the Limit Maximum Allowable 85 dBA. There are proven cases of severe hearing loss in the company. Stressing the need to use appropriate PPE. The main risks are found at the site of accidents due to obstruction of machinery and equipment and passageways. It has been proven that workers are exposed to poor condition of health and safety, stressing the importance of mitigation measures, such as awareness of the real importance of protective equipment, and training of employees and better structuring of the workplace.

This study was based on working course completion in chemical engineering, where was the quality survey conducted quantitative and historical evaluation of solid waste generation on 2014. And consequently creating of fourteen performance indicators environmental paragraph a metal industry in serra gaúcha. This article presents nine of environmental performance indicators. Between this indicators are the, total waste absolute generated relationship between waste and parts of quantity produced, waste percentage of each class, coust of operating in relation billing, water consumption and energy part produced and consumption water billing and energy. These indicators aim to reveal the environmental performance of the organization and assist in the establishment of environmental goals.

The Brazilian System for Lodging Facilities Classification (SBClass) is the officially recognized instrument for the classification of such facilities in the country. According to that system requirements related to infrastructure, services and sustainability are established. The objective of the study is to analyze information that is available online on sustainability requirements for lodging facilities classified in the south of the coutry. The research, exploratory and descriptive, identified 59 lodging facilities classified in Brazil, being 12 of the south of the country. From the 12 enterprises only five provide information about their requirements / sustainability practices implemented. It is concluded the need for disclosure of information on the enterprises´ websites, encouraging guests to choose the lodging facilities motivated by sustainability criteria.

Currently in Brazil we did not observe any system of Automobile Sustainability Management Life Final - AFV. We have only the Federal Law on Solid Waste Policy, which is not comprehensive for all AFV materials. It can be observed that there is a model of recycling, reuse and disposal because AFV yards are crowded and the laws related to the subject do not cover the total obligation. The objective is to propose an AFV Management System, as it is observed a gap after the end of the Automobile use. The survey is a collection of sustainability concepts, reverse flow, dismantling models, Management System and companies that deal and materials intended for AFV. So after reviewing this collection of structured concepts was possible to correlate the practices already implemented in Portugal and propose a AFV Management System in one place recycling, reuse and sustainable allocation, the results show a reverse disassembly model in one place and can be an industrial condo or a modular consortium with fleet renewal proposal and reduction of vectors that harm public health with AFV yards crowded improving the sustainability of the automotive chain.

According to Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supplies, organic composts classified, as type A, B and C should have a maximum of 50% of moisture. To achieve the desired effect, it is common the use of different dryers. However, the effects on the compost, as well as reducing moisture present, are still scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of continuous dryer on the physico-chemical and phytotoxic characteristic in an organic compost type A. The compost used was prepared with sludge from the treatment of effluent of an agroindustry from Chapeco – Santa Catarina - Brazil and rice husk and sawdust as bulking agents. A cylindrical continuous dryer was used and the collect was performedt before, during and after the dryer. The analyzes were: moisture, pH, organic carbon, ash and germination index in lettuce and cucumber seeds. The means were submitted to the Duncan test (p

It is currently intensifying system studies Sustainable Management of products reaching the end of their useful life and become unusable. The Automobile Life Final - AFV is one of the products that need to be treated for recycling, reuse and proper disposal for sustainability of the automotive chain. There is a gap that reverse flow because AFV yards are crowded and the laws related to the topic does not cover the total obligation. The objective is to show which materials are recycled and reused, the data of the companies that recycle and designed the AFV materials, processes and the advantages of having a sustainable management system of AFV materials. The research is a quantitative exploratory case study with interview by questionnaire in 10 companies that recycle and use AFV materials. The results show that 95% of the materials are possible recycling companies in Brazil. Companies indicate several advantages of having a single place to a reverse flow of sustainable dismantling considering how the main feature a positive impact on the environment, cost reduction and do not point the advantage of the reuse of parts and system information.

This study aimed to analyze sustainable tourism in one of the beaches of Santa Catarina.The methodology was regarded as descriptive, case study, with regard to the technical procedures. And in regard to addressing the problem, qualitative. The study was conducted by applying the Accounting Environmental Management System - 3 Generation, which included a checklist containing 46 questions regarding the interaction of beach studied for the environment. The survey responses were obtained through on-site verification. By analyzing the obtained data, there was a degree of overall sustainability of 54.26%, corresponding to a considered review "regular". The most deficient subgroup was "Eco-efficiency of the Service of Process", which achieved environmental performance of only 47.9%, also considered "regular". One of the questions is whether there was "Sewage treatment in the region" and the sustainability index was considered "weak" with a 40% rate. In the end, the environmental management plan summary - 5W2H was conducted. It's suggested an awareness of managers of municipal government and of the population that frequents this beach.

The concerns about environmental quality and human health have prompted need to develop organic agriculture that does not have adverse impact on environmental goods and human health. Nowadays, organic composts with different formulations and compositions are available on the market. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of 10 different organic composts for agricultural use. As per the Brazilian legislation, all the samples analyzed were compliant for pH and Total Organic Carbon. However, in 90% of the analyzed composts the moisture content was found to be out of permissible limits. It is therefore recommended that the composting process needs to be improved and monitored at different stages of production to stimulate commercialization of these composts.

This paper presents the construction of Environmental opposite environmental policy used today in industries as a way to bring added value to industrial products that respect the sustainable mode of manufacture of its products through Industrial Environmental Indicators of a generalist and more accurate approach to Industrial Indicators Management policies . It is an exploratory research literature already sedimented and a case study in virtual environment of the environmental management system of four various Industries for a collection of indicators industrial activities, making a correlation between them for verification at the points where they touch and recur. The Goal is the survey and construction of Industrial Environmental Indicators, against the need to implement a model of sustainable environmental management accessible for Industrial can put into practice. The companies submitted their indicators compiled in environmental requirements for the consumption of energy consumption and water treatment, solid waste treatment, amount of emissions and substances and investments area to minimize impacts.

The packaging sanitation in the mineral water industry is a critical step, with chemicals that generate hazardous waste, such as peracetic acid, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, caustic soda etc. In the recent years the ozone employment in the sanitization process has been intensified because this chemical agent is recognized as safe for the treatment of water bottles by the "Food and Drug Administration". However, in Brazil there isn’t regulation to the use of ozone in the mineral water industry, causing legal uncertainty, making it hard to supervise the working environment and the environmental pollution control. This work aims to determine the concentration of residual ozone present in a mineral water used in sanitizing process, using factorial design 22 with the following factors: i) ozone gas content in the gas phase: 20.0 and 80.0% vv; and ii) flow rate of ozone gas in the liquid phase (mineral water): 1.0 and 5.0 L /min. The increase the flow rate of ozone gas using mixer, which eliminates the excess gaseous phase, caused no increase in the residual ozone content in mineral water, with a value of 0.255 (± 0.026) mg/L, while the increase in ozone content in the gas phase caused a variation in the residual ozone concentration of 0.255 (± 0.026) mg/L to 0.898 (± 0.090) mg/L.

Since 2002, RGE invests in structuring their administrative facilities to mitigate environmental impacts and reduce environmental risks in your electrical system power distribution. Metal basins storing and transporting equipment with insulating oil leak, and all installations of RGE there are structures with impermeable floors coupled to separation boxes for water and oil, for equipment storage. In Substations, systems are designed for oil containment possible significant leaks in equipment. The electrical system of the RGE are currently only acquired transformers vegetable oil based and concrete poles or recyclable fiber. Since 2013, RGE has a contract with a company specialized in the care of any environmental emergencies in their electrical installations.

In Pernambuco it is located in the second largest producer "Industrial Pole of clothing" in Brazil, considerate, Local Productive Arrangement, especially in the production of jeanswear. Identify process improvement in parts made with denim laundries, dry cleaners located in Caruaru - PE, with regard to sustainability was the goal of this work.

Concern for environmental issues is increasingly present in government, business discussions and in society in general. The industrial sector is one of the most impressive lines of business in relation to the environment; however, it also has the highest number of certifications NBR ISO 14001. Environmental protection and the prevention of pollution are concerns for any organization, and it is here that stems from the Environmental Management System (EMS) as a tool that allows companies to integrate a planned and coordinated approach to the management of its negative effects on the environment. In order to assess the stance of local industrial companies, this research proposes to assess specifically the Environmental Management, through a questionnaire , where later the data were analyzed and compared , obtaining a more concrete response of the environmental situation the same.

The growing concern for the environment and the fact that natural resources are not inexhaustible brought the need for change for organizations to operate in order to adapt to the new reality. This work started a planning study for the implementation of the Environmental Management System (EMS) as the procedures indicated by the NBR ISO 14001 in a shoe manufacturing industry. Initially it was done the analysis of activities and products of the company, identifying the environmental aspects and impacts and the significance of these aspects with regard to the environment to evaluate existing controls. With this survey it was possible to draw up an action plan to minimize the impact of activities undertaken by the company and create the Environmental Policy of the company. The success of the EMS requires the company to capacitate employees and suppliers, besides the effective involvement of management so that the failure in the implementation does not occur, which already occurred in the same company in the trying to implement the 5S program.

Liming can reduce the availability of copper (Cu) in soil, attenuating the metal toxicity effects. This study aimed to assess the effect of liming as an ameliorator of copper (Cu) toxicity in young grapevine grown in soil with a sandy texture. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with six replicates in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, applying two Cu concentrations (0 and 50 mg kg-1) and three lime doses (0.0, 1.5 and 3.0 Mg ha-1) to the soil, totaling six treatments. The soil was placed in rizobox and young vines cultivate for 70 days. We evaluated the dry matter production of shoots and roots, and the Cu content in leaves, stems and roots. Increasing lime doses ameliorated the toxic effects of Cu.

Given the importance of small rural farmers and family farming, as well as the need for a means preserved and balanced environment so that they meet the requirements of production and quality of life is that this work was structured. We aimed to maintain environmental preservation, through the recovery of areas degraded and the transmission of knowledge in an attempt to sensitize farmers about the importance of caring for the natural environment. For that activities were carried out to recover springs and also impart knowledge of environmental education families, practices that were developed in the daily lives of farmers through informal and efficient relations, since it was the peculiarity of each property. The activities were carried out involving academics and farmers, enabling the heavy involvement of these and also the exchange of experiences.Key words: Springs; Family farming; University Extension. Environmental education

In Brazil the treatment of sewage is still very low especially in rural areas where families have low income and level of education. With all this shortage of work when it comes to environmental issues become indispensable to the creation of alternative technologies for the recovery of these issues in the field, especially in properties located near riverbanks. The project nº470703 / 2014 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico has promoted research on rural sanitation through the construction of sewage treatment plants Basin evapotranspiration model (BET) in the county of Iretama, Paraná, Brazil. The paper proposes the use of alternative technology for rural environmental sanitation through the installation of sewage treatment plants. This sustainable alternative, aims to reduce pollution because in most cases are still used black sinks and drains and the residue stored can find the water table and contaminate rivers, lakes and springs

A trial was conducted to evaluate the production of earthworm meal from Eisenia fetida as a tool for the management of manure. A completely randomized design was used. The treatments were: 100% bovine manure (T1), 100% equine manure (T2) and 100% capybara manure (T3). Each treatment had five replications. A total of 50 adult and containing clitellum earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were inoculated in each experimental unity. The following analyses were performed: total nitrogen, crude protein, total phosphorus, potassium and total calcium. The results showed that the production of earthworm meal is an important tool for the management of different manure and it does not present any limitation of environmental nature. The proteic and mineral composition of earthworm meal are dependent on the quality and form of storage of the manure. The proper planning of the animal production system must contemplate an adequate place for the storage of the manure in order to maintain the quality of the substrate provided to the earthworms.

This article aims to present the Projeto Água Limpa that is developed by the Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde in partnership with Secretaria Municipal da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento for the preservation of sources and consequent improvement in water quality parameters in the rural part of the municipality. For that was developed a form of recovery with materials from the region itself and three outputs: the first follows the natural course of the source, the second is kept closed for cleaning and the third goes to the residence. The project exists for three years now. This study aimed to visit 28 sources recovered in the districts of Criúva e Vila Seca (isolated areas with difficulties obtaining water potability parameters), the water was analyzed according to bacteriological and physic-chemical parameters. The bacteriological parameters analyzed were: total coliforms and Escherichia coli. The physic-chemical were pH, turbidity, iron and manganese. The results showed sources with goof parameters of conservation, some fully integrated with the native forest site. The water from these sources did not fit within the parameters of potability but are in better condition when compared to other samples of the region, therefore this results should be also associated with other co-factors such as filtration and chloration. In addition, it was also carried out speeches in local schools with interactive talk aimed at awareness of future generations.

A trial was conducted to evaluate composting as a tool for environmental management of quails’ carcasses. A completely randomized design was used with two treatments and four replications. The proportions of residues were: 1kg of carcasses of quails: 1kg of wood shavings (T1) and 1kg of carcasses of quails: 1kg of wood shavings: 1kg of avian bed (T2). The temperature of composting mass was evaluated during 35 days of composting. The following analyses were performed: pH, moisture, total organic matter, ash, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and C/N ratio. According to the results herein obtained, 0.30m height wood boxes are not adequate for composting of carcasses of quails. The utilization of avian bed from one lot of broilers as inoculum speeds up the decomposition of a mixture of wood shavings and quails’ carcasses.

The Environmental Management System (EMS) of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), conducts the Survey of Environmental Aspects and Impacts (SEAI) in the physical spaces of the university. The six University Restaurants (URs) provide meals for the academic community and are also included in this activity. In the SEAI activity a standard form is used, on which are evaluated 13 groups and 54 items of environmental factors. Considering that the main activities of a university are teaching and research developed in physical spaces such as classrooms and laboratories, the objective of this study was to develop and implement a checklist to assess the environmental aspects and impacts regarding the reality of the production of meals at the URs. The checklist was elaborated in the second half of 2014 covering the evaluation of six aspects of sustainability, with a total of 73 items distributed into: 1) Water; 2) Electricity; 3) Gas; 4) Chemicals; 5) Health and safety; and 6) Waste Management. Within these items, we evaluated the structural conditions of the URs, the types of equipment and process steps. The checklist has been applied to the all URs to identify and characterize the environmental score. With the application of the checklist and their scores, is possible the monitoring of the environmental aspects of each UR, as well as establish benchmarks of the main problems encountered, in order to propose and seek continuous improvement in best environmental management.

The insertion of the constitutional protection of the environment and did not bring the effectiveness hoped the legislature. In fact, other priorities knock at the doors of governments, in particular demands of health and safety, which makes the protection of the environment does not get a priority feature in public policy. However, in the management of taxes, possible is the use of the Service Tax - ISS as an environmental protection tool, giving up exemption or even a rate reduction for companies that operate in order to preserve or restore the environmental good market, though without waiver of revenue or even reduction in storage.

This article aims to present the actions taken in the health service waste management resulting from professional and academic activities at the Faculty of Pharmacy of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, aiming economy and sustainable use of material resources, as well as the internal security community. As the continuity management action initiated with chemical waste this manuscript presents the actions taken to the waste from groups A and E from Resolution No. 306 ANVISA COSAT conducted by the Faculty of Pharmacy. Based on techniques and relevant legislation rules that resulted in the development and implementation of the Waste Management Plan, as well as procedures and actions resulting from this, we intend to show their contribution in establishing a culture sustainability of processes and environmental protection in the community academic of the Faculty of Pharmacy UFRGS.

This study aims to present the possible standards and certifications to sustainable building by universities in Brazil. The survey is considered descriptive, with bibliographic technical procedures and qualitative research approach. It concluded there are 18 major standards for sustainable buildings provided by ABNT. For the certifications, there are some valid only for certain countries or regions, entities. Then was decided to check the most cited in the literature, which are BREEAM and LEED. Being LEED most studied tool and thus considered a good way to educational institutions.

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the water use rates reported to State Environmental Agency for the slaughter of pigs in Bahia. Five enterprises were evaluated, two refrigerators and three slaughter houses in the period from 2006 up to 2012, representing 56% of total production of that State. The collected data were obtained in environmental licensing processes, relating to the operation stage. The average consumption of water (1,093 L.cab-1 in slaughterhouses and 1,125 L.cab-1 in refrigerators) those indexes are compatible with traditional technologies in all evaluated projects. Moreover, few data by stage of process were informed. Therefore, the role of the environmental licensing is stood out and this instrument should have water consumption analysis based on eco-efficiency. It is important to say that many of the data required for this assessment are not included in the process because they were not asked by Environmental Agency itself.

With the growth of capitalism and the constant development of cities, distances to be traveled by the users become extensive and increases constantly over time, thus the increase of vehicles on the streets and avenues and pollution of cities impact negatively the citizens. It is noticed the importance of the green masses present in high-traffic roads, which, among other benefits, improve the air quality, mitigates the temperature and assists in reducing noise and pollution produced by the fleet. In this context, the research aims to analyze the relevance os the existing vegetation in medians of Brazil Avenue, that connect Benjamin Constant and Marcelino Ramos streets in the city of Passo Fundo / RS. This stretch is characterized by an area with great social and real estate prestige, due to the large concentration of banking and commercial establishments, in addition to a small residential occupation. For the study were collected climatic data, brightness, temperature and decibels and the existing arborization. In this way the identification and perception of the arboreal composition from the municipality in this place, allows public managers to insert in the urban planning guidelines measures that can improve the arborization of public areas and provide more appropriate ecological and environmental conditions, focused on sustainability and providing beneficials to the residents quality of life.

Urban parks bring great environmental and social benefits, since they are home to several animal and plant species and contribute to the quality of the environment and life of population. In the city of João Pessoa, state of Paraíba, it is located the Zoo and Botanical Park Arruda Câmara (PZAC), which is the oldest municipal park and was framed as a Special Area of Conservation. Its area corresponds to a fragment of the Atlantic Forest, within the city, sheltering a rich diversity in relation to the fauna and flora. One of the vulnerabilities in the CAP management is the deficiency of instruments of disclosure of the area, making this natural environment has little visibility among the population as a leisure option in touch with nature. This study aimed to contribute to the management of the Park, by proposing a theme disclosure program for the area. In the development of this study a survey was conducted of information on the area, which were compiled and then new tools for dissemination in the area were proposed. The use of the social media (social networks, radio, television, flyers, billboards, etc.), enables you to present and disseminate these environments to the population, enabling their interaction through direct contact with the fauna and local flora, and forms recreation in the nature.

In a world where urbanization gradually spreads, the city planning urges efficient management plans of the available natural resources in order to embrace the population demand. The Permanent Preservation Areas play a relevant role in water resources and local biodiversity preservation. Related to that, this paper come up with a soil occupation study in the PPAs of the slopes of Arroio Itaquarinchim, located at the urban perimeter of Santo Ângelo town, using geotechnological resources, in order to observe and identify irregularities, associate its impacts and, after that, carry out a public environmental management analysis applied according to its actions, guidelines and current environmental laws. With the geospatial analysis results it was possible to identify the high proportion of exposed soil along the Arroio Itaquarinchim’s banks added to the high rate of occupation by irregular buildings, mostly placed at the extension between the Fava and Castelarim neighborhoods.

Since ancient times, epidemics have caused panic around the world. Today, dengue, zika virus and chikungunya have been the subject of national concern. Understanding the dynamics of these diseases through mathematical models shown as a viable alternative why not interfere in the analysis medium. from this, capturing the adjusted mathematical model behavior can assist in environmental management. to this end, we developed a simulation software of SIR and SEIR models that allows the parameter setting for each study location . for this, we used the Numerical Integration method of Runge-Kutta 4th order implemented in Java programming language.

The recognition of the main environmental factors and processes which act in a study area is fundamental for the sustainable usage of the natural resources. The Porto Alegre Botanical Garden (JB-FZB) has a role in the maintenance of the regional ecosystems, in the horticultural practices of rare endangered species, and other activities such as research, extension and leisure. This study aims to create aids in order to assist the adequate cultivation of plants and environments of interest for conservation, seeking to provide strategic information for environmental management and for creation of a Conservation Unity management plan. After bibliography review on studies made in the area and surrounding region, it was used the main procedures for soil survey in detailed scale, with recognition and description of morphologic characteristics in preferential manner along the main topography features. It was performed 26 samples with observations made by borehole survey. It was chosen the places for trenches openings and for more detailed soil studies, with samples collect for chemical, physical and mineralogical analyses. There was a more detailed study over a representative toposequence of the Park soil distribution. The detailed study made the soil distribution information more applicable for this area as contributed for the adequate handling according to the soil aptitude.

Linear parks are areas structured the banks of streams, rivers or avenues that have the purpose to revitalize degraded areas, preserve lowland areas responsible for absorbing rainwater or to separate spaces. Although created in the late seventeenth century, the linear park in Brazil, gained momentum in the early 80s as a way to increase green areas and leisure, revitalizing edges of polluted streams, offering for people alternative spaces for sports; social life, environmental education, and shelter for urban fauna; especially birds. One way or another, linear parks are important spaces that house beyond the urban fauna, different plant species that help in the absorption of pollutants and reducing noise from motor vehicles. However, the successful implementation of these parks depends on the support and participation of its regulars. Thus, knowing the profile of the regulars becomes important for the management of these spaces occur satisfactorily. In a survey conducted in three linear parks in the city of São Paulo, 90 users answered multiple-choice questions that allowed partial assessment of the profile of these regulars users

The approach to environmental issues has mobilized leaders and civil society in the search for actions related to the environment either through legislation and government programs, or in the various projects of groups, associations and ecological movements. This raises environmental management systems as a tool to equate forms of human intervention in nature. Thus, this paper aims to describe an insertion mechanism of environmental management areas through science and food technology, in the course of post-graduate in Environmental Licensing. The pedagogical strategies for environmental management promotion were divided into modules, based on prior discussion of the issues through informative texts, scientific papers, reference literature and a practical activity to (re) use of food. The results show students' interest in the topic, suggesting the availability of more time to carry out this type of activity. Also, most do not possess information about food waste and recycling possibilities.

Environmental licensing is an instrument of prevention and control of potentially polluting activities, it has the function of enable the sustainable development. It is an administrative process that has been perfected in Brazil at the federal, state and municipal level, with the creation of specific legislation. The Federal law No. 140/2011 delegates complementary roles of states and cities under the environmental licensing. The city of Itapemirim - ES seeks to improve the analysis of environmental licensing processes by municipal secretary of environment. In 2014 was created by municipal decree the use of the Diagnostic and Information System (DIS) as a mandatory document to be presented in the environmental permit application to replace the Environmental Control Plan (ECP). This study shows that after using the DIS, the environmental licensing processes began to be analyzed more clearly, objective and speedy manner.

The environmental spatial analysis diagnoses the various environmental issues. This study investigates the distribution of projects that address water and sanitation in Rio Grande do Sul, as well as proximity to the release of sewage water intakes. For this, met as many launch points of wastewater treated Effluent Treatment Plants - ETE and water abstraction for water treatment plants - existing ETA in the state. Information was drawn from the State Environmental Protection Henrique Luiz Roessler Foundation – FEPAM, of municipalities that have agreements of delegated powers and Sanitation Company Riograndense – CORSAN. During the study were gathered 171 points of funding, 101 of ETE and 46 release of treated effluent. With use of geoprocessing tools are spatialized the meeting points and based on the generated maps, except the municipalities of Esteio and Capão da Canoa, not met with large water intakes near and downstream of effluent release points. Regarding the treatment of sewage situation, the State's situation is quite deficient because the ETE have unequal distribution, leaving large voids. Since the spatial distribution of funding to ETA are well distributed, with a significant presence in regions without ETE. Finally, it highlights the importance of continuing to work, with periodic power and refinement of the database so as to allow effective monitoring of the evolution of water and sewage services in the State of Rio Grande do Sul.

The work addresses the convergence of Environmental Management with Document Management in a public institution of the Federal Justice. The overall objective is to conceptualize Environmental Management and Document Management. Its specific objectives identify laws governing the disposal of public documents; exhibit reverse logistics practices of a given institution; and disseminate environmental education for users. It approaches the disposal of solid waste and the implementation of sustainable criteria in consumer purchases and permanent materials purchased in public institutions. In this sense, we list parameters to reduce the environmental impact linked to production, communication, reproduction and preservation of archival documents, specifically on paper. The methodological approach will be a mix of various methods, according to each specific objective, including the analysis of current regulations. Data collection will be done through analysis of documents that portray such actions.

The increase in solid waste generation in the country demands actions to improve the environmental performance of organizations. In this context, the diagnosis of solid waste generated in the North Coast Unit of UERGS was carried out. The result of actions were evaluated by a new diagnosis. The results of the initial diagnosis showed that most of the generated solid waste is composed by organic matter. Other generated waste are paper/cardboard, plastic, polystyrene and plastic bottles. There is the need for proper disposal of laboratory waste and the need for separate organic and recyclable wastes. The placement of bins for selective collection and actions of environmental awareness provided the reduction in the presence of mixed waste. It is clear that higher education institutions must reduce their associated environmental impacts and ecological consciousness for serve as a good example, combining theory and practice of the classroom.

The Municipal Environmental Management is rooted in our charter and the rich framework of existing environmental laws in our country, where we mentioned these assumptions, which give legal protection, so that our municipalities can develop their work guardianship to the Environment by following these emplacements legal. According to the National Environmental Policy, the Union, the states and municipalities have the power to actualize the tutelage of Environment within their competencies. The municipality of San Angelo is enabled to carry out the environmental licensing of local impact and environmental technical actions through its Municipal Department of Environment - DEMAM. The municipal environmental management conducted in the period 2007-2012, environmental permits in 1554, 10278 technical reports urban forestry, environmental monitoring and an educational actions. For this police power has environmental protection and is valid, it is necessary that the municipality acts in the environmental area, founded and grounded in legality as envisaged in Articles 23, 30, 37 and 225 of the Federal Constitution of 1988. And closing this cycle appears at the end of 2011 the 5º Congresso Internacional de Tecnologias para o Meio Ambiente Bento Gonçalves – RS, Brasil, 5 a 7 de Abril de 2016 Federal Complementary Law 140 defines the autonomy of the federated entities seeking the interests of the collective, and acting within their territorial limits, are therefore municipalities in the enjoyment of their full powers police Environmental , through their role in preserving the environment and pursuing the principle of effectiveness in improving its management of municipal environmental. Key Words: Environmental management, Guardianship, Environmental Licensing Theme Area: Environmental Licensing

The removal of vegetation tends to cause loss of wildlife habitats, loss of critical areas for certain animal groups that use the area as breeding sites, migratory animals stop and dispersal corridors, affecting the genetic variability of populations. This study seeks to demonstrate the importance of Disturbance and fauna rescue program as a tool minimization of impacts caused by vegetation removal activity. The study area is located in Barcarena, State of Pará, in a mining expansion project Imerys Rio Capim kaolin. Was held the fauna of scaring before the beginning of the suppression of activities and also the monitoring of bosqueamento activities, clear cutting of commercially valuable trees, antlers cleaning, topsoil and excavation. It was recorded 56 species of animals, spread over 309 individuals. Of the total of registered specimens, about 70% were sighted birds, 15% were rescued animals, 10% of the animals were scared away and only 5% died. The results show the effectiveness of scaring program and fauna rescue with a mitigation action of impacts to wildlife caused by expansion projects.

The objective of this work was to analyze the hydrographic basin of João Leite, localized at the center of Goiás state, stream aim to verify vulnerable areas to the lost of soil. For this was adopt a method proposed by CREPANI et al. (2001). On the aplication of this method, was use as classes indicators with high and low vulnerabilities to the processo to lost of soil, making used of cartographic data bases and pluviometric data, that contemplate the study area. From the geology, geomorphology, soils, vegetation and climate crossing factors, was generate a lost of soil vulnerability map. According to the results, the susceptibility and potentiality of lost of soil index, was classify with a big potential occurrence of this processes, mainly in Cambisols and Hydromorphic soils. It is observed the differences between the vulnerability index results for different basin regions, are caused by the changes of managed and use of land, as well as the advance of agriculture frontiers and variation of precipitation.

The petrochemical sector provide a more meaningful contribution towards national chemical industry. The petrochemical industry uses a significant amount of natural resources and generates large residual volumes, responsible for air, water and soil damages. In view of this, the knowledge of the environmental aspects and impacts related to this sector is particularly important. This work aimed to investigate the relationship between wastes, petrochemical industryi processes and identification of environmental aspects and impacts. To achieve the goal of this work all data were collected basically from literature and also by field research.

A large amount of processes and operations are developed in water treatment plants (WTPs) to transform the raw water, unsafe for human consumption, in potable water. However, the treatment process of raw water result in a high waste production, called sludge. The sludge generated in WTPs has particular characteristics, which should not be generalized. For this reason, this study aims to characterize the sludge of São Gabriel WTP decanters, according to physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. According to the results, it was evident that the WTP sludge consists of a high concentration of solids (ST 44.757 mg L-1 (4.47%) and OHS 41.408 mg L-1 (4.14%)), with high content of inert material, with a low ratio BOD/COD (0.036). The large amount of non biodegradable fraction is also represented by the proportion/percentage of STF and SSF in comparison with the ST and SST, 74% (33 175 mg.L-1) to PBS and 77% (31.990 mg.L-1) for SSF. The sludge of São Gabriel WTP also presented high score for Coliform bacteria, of 4,48E + 05 MPN / 100 ml, and E. coli, 1,85E + 05 MPN / 100 ml. It is noteworthy that the sludge, when disposed improperly in the water sources, causes a great injury to the receiving water bodies.

The accelerated degradation of natural resources affects the quality of life of current and future generations and, on the other hand, leads society to seek alternative models that harmonize economic development with the requisite protection of the environment. In the categories of protected areas, the negative impacts can be generated by different activities as unsuitable for public use that interfere on the quality of soil, water, vegetation, fauna and social. The objective of this study to interpret the main environmental impacts of human activities in Permanent Preservation Area (APP) located in the urban area of the municipality of San Angelo-RS. Therefore, we carried out, and on-site observations in the study area, preliminary analyzes of water from the stream Thungum to check its quality based on chemical and microbiological parameters. It was, found from the results that the main environmental impacts in this APP, are related to human activities, mainly committed to the integrity of soil and water. Therefore, there is need to maintain the area monitored by the competent bodies of the Municipality and awareness through environmental education to the population, as an instrument that would be able to minimize environmental impact and provide conditions for healthier life to the community, thus protecting the biodiversity, according to current law.

The treatment and disposal of waste generated in chemistry teaching laboratories, quality control laboratories, industrial processes, is a worrying situation for many years, especially when it comes to environmental impact, certain chemical substance use may have it is necessary to classify the waste generated in the activities that make use of them to minimize damage to the environment. This paper presents the results obtained in the management of solid and liquid waste generated in experimental activities and losers reagent chemistry teaching laboratory at the Escola Estadual de Educação Básica Nicolau de Araújo Vergueiro in the city of Passo Fundo - RS which was part of the Project Training for Waste Management in Basic Education Schools Public Network and Private Companies in the city of Passo Fundo, the Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Geociências (Iceg) of the University of Passo Fundo (UPF). When these are managed incorrectly, and it is directly related to sustainable development by society.

The use of organic waste such as soil fertilizer is due to the fact that have elements that are plant nutrients and can be absorbed by these, as chemical fertilizers. The application of high quantities and in continuous manner fertilizers in soil can cause accumulation of contaminants and biological agents causing environmental and health problems. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the soil profile in crop area with successive applications of swine manure at 05 farms in the municipality of Rodeio Bonito. So, for the evaluation of soil contamination with Cu and Zn, coming from swine manure samples were collected at three points of the crop area, and at each point collected up 03 samples in 0-10, 10-20 20-30 cm. The samples were oven dried and ground for subsequent analysis. From the values obtained, it is observed that the concentration of Cu and Zn is greater in crop areas as compared to areas of forest. Thus, characterizing that the high concentration of Cu and Zn is in function of the application of manure in the soil. Thus it can be inferred that the intensive use of pig slurry without proper quantification of present levels and as a result of the necessary quantities in crop areas, this resulting in the accumulation of Cu and Zn in the soil profile.

The degradation of mangroves located in Lucena -PB was assessed by means of technical visits to where it can be seen a great devastation of the biome. For the relentless pursuit of profits humans have been establishing a rather ambiguous relationship with nature, degrading something that is necessary for their survival. It has been found that the degradation of mangroves is directly linked to human activity.

Even having obtained all three licenses, the Mine and the Pipeline River Mine has been the subject of several critical / demands by the surrounding society and NGOs. This scenario justifies conducting a study to see what are the demands of society if these impacts were provided in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or the Basic Environmental Plan (BEP) and what are the mitigation measures set out in the EIA. For this, it was made a qualitative research involving newspapers, academic papers, magazines and websites. The use of keywords with the theme of the study made it possible to select, aspects considered critical according to how often they were seen in different sources studied. At the same time, other aspects were excluded due to supply without possibility of confirmation and without delegated authorship. After comparing these aspects to what was proposed by Anglo American in the EIA / Environmental Impact Report (EIR) and the BEP and check whether they were present in the licensing documents verified mitigation measures for most complaints, only a few they lacked planned mitigation measures and proposing what may be happening is the lack of communication between society and the company, since for most of the existing complaints there mitigation measures provided for in studies conducted by the company.

In Sant'Angelo, the Itaquarinchim River is extremely degraded, population victim who turns domestic, commercial and industrial waste, often without treatment. The main objective of the research was to study alternatives to reduce the impact of the sewage system in the municipality of San Angelo. The rationale for performing this study is that currently few homes have sewage system provided by law and the collection system is available only for a small portion of all the homes. The study was developed in the sub-basin of the Rio Itaquarinchim belonging to hydrographic unit of the river Ijuí in Sant'Angelo municipality. Studies were analyzed on the Itaquarinchim made by Rio City Hall together with the Watershed Committee, and seen what has been done and what can be done to fit within the river in the medium and long term classes.

The social evolution directly affect the environment and the goods and services resulting from it, endangering the healthy people's quality of life, generating numerous environmental problems, especially in large urban centers, fostering the creation of protected areas to guarantee the means healthy and ecologically balanced environment for present and future generations. In this understanding, was chosen as the study area of this work, the source of the gourd River, to be located in the urban area, be evergreen and be inserted into a full protection unit. The goal was the identification and the establishment of the major anthropogenic activities in surroundings the source of this important source, the effects of such activities, through literature searches, photographic records, on-site visitations. As a result, it was found that are developed various activities that directly affect the environmental balance, among which the creation and grazing animals within the protected area, damming and pollution of the waters rising, housing construction in violation of the law, among others

With the rapid urban and industrial development of Belo Horizonte / MG investing in infrastructure and housing, generated a proportional environmental damage to the city's growth rate. This work shows the possible changes in the hydrological cycle associated temperature and precipitation in order to generate process control minimizing the impact of urban interventions. The data collected at government sites were tabulated enabling the analysis of changes in temperature and precipitation. After analysis , there was an increase of 3ºC in the municipal temperature directly affects the heat islands caused by no infiltration of solar infrared radiation on the ground waterproofed directly affecting the entire population.

This study presents the progress after the implementation of environmental management tool LAIA (Survey of Environmental Aspects and Impacts) at the building of Faculdade de Biblioteconomia e Comunicação of UFRGS in Porto Alegre / RS. The methodology of LAIA tool is based on the ISO 14001/2004 standard and aims at assessing the impacts generated by the environmental aspects identified in a field survey. Four surveys were conducted in the building since the tool was implemented in 2009. The results after implantation tool were very satisfactory, where the IRA decreases the resulting surveys, these results are due because it is made a meeting with people responsible for the building where the data collected in the LAIA are discussed as well as the 5W2H spreadsheet, management tool used with purpose of establishing a work plan and schedule actions that aim to decrease the possibility of occurrence of environmental impacts, checked in the survey. In addition, it made a series of visits in order to follow the progress of realization of the Action Plan measures.

This work aims to examine some environmental aspects and impacts observed in recycling associations of solid waste in the city of Caxias do Sul, with a view to proposing ways to mitigate them. This is a field research, which data collection was carried out through direct observation and analysis of daily field that makes up a database. The data were collected by researchers associated with the extension project entitled "Project of Training and Support for the Activities of Informal Collectors of the city of Caxias do Sul" and the research project developed by the Center for Studies and Research in Public and Social Policy, called " Labor Activities of the Collectors of Solid Waste: Impacts on Life and Environmental Quality". The data show that there are several aspects and environmental impacts, positive and negative, resulting from this activity, among the positive impacts stand out: reduction of recyclable waste send to landfills and environmental contamination reduction. About the negative impacts stand out: damage to the health and safety of the collectors, soil pollution, pollution of surface and groundwater, proliferation of vectors (rats, cockroaches, and others) and natural resource depletion. These negative impacts can be mitigated with actions taken by the Government, by the citizens in their daily actions or by the collectors in their work process.

The permanent preservation areas (PPAs) were defined in 1965 by the former Brazilian Forest Code (Federal Law n° 4.771/1965), with the purpose of preserving areas that are not favorable for the intensive soil use and that must remain with the natural vegetal covering. The APPs are constant targets of anthropic pressure, thus, its delimitation and its characterization compose an important information for the decision-making that refers to measures that seek to protect or recover these sensible environmental areas. In this context, the objective of this assignment was to delimitate the APP‘s of the municipality of São José dos Ausentes – RS, according to the Federal Law n° 12.651/2012 and the Federal Law n° 12.727/2012, verifying the current environmental situation of these areas, denoting which locals must be restored or recovered. To achieve the declared aim, it was used the satellite image OLI/Landsat 8 2014 and computational tools of geoprocessing. To obtain the use and cover of the soil, the image was rated by a supervised algorithm of maximum Gaussian likelihood. The APPS of water resources and headwaters were obtained by using the distance operators while the APP ‘s located in a higher than 45° declivity and on the top of the mountain were delimitated by the contour lines interpolation to generate data referring to the relief. The results indicated that the study area , 139.58 km² are APP 's according to Article 4 of Federal Law No. 12,651 / 2012 and 106.27 km² of APP 's according to Federal Law 12,727 / 2012 . There were no APP 's hilltops and slopes above 45 ° or 100%.

The Luiz Rau Stream (LR) is one of the main streams of the city of Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul (RS). The population growth in large urban centers creates problems of health due to lack of sanitation, which primarily affects the water ecosystem. In order to assess the contribution of organic indoor pollutants into the waters of Luiz Rau stream, the Sinos River tributary, evaluated the stream water quality by measuring caffeine, the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters of 2 points and go to these results, evaluate the anthropic impact caused the Rio dos Sinos. It was observed contamination rates in both analyzed points. Point 2 had the highest fecal contamination levels, accompanied by physicochemical analysis. Caffeine analysis revealed that this is a good marker of anthropogenic contamination, however pointed highest rates in Point 1. The Luiz Rau stream reveals a strong contamination of anthropogenic origin, damaging the water quality of the Rio dos Sinos.

The environment is everyone's right and its preservation must be exercised so that future generations can enjoy and get good quality of life. Just for that purpose this paper seeks a new alternative for the recycling of waste oils and fats (OGR's), which is incorrectly disposed of can lead to significant impacts on the environment. Treatment of this oil can be made from lipolytic yeasts that are capable of producing lipases or citric acid, such as Yarrowia lipolytica. Thus this oil becomes clean and able to be reused in the production of biodiesel, soaps and soap, and also with the production of citric acid such compound may be used in food, beverage, dairy products, but also in agriculture. This research uses eight strains of residual oil selected yeast compared to Yarrowia lipolytica, and analyzes whether these microorganisms are able to modify the oil and make it cleaner, or to produce any compound that may have some value, thereby obtaining a new alternative to reuse the residual oil.

The disposal of waste from different sources in areas without treatment to receive them compromises the quality of the local soil, flora, fauna and the surrounding population. This article presents proposals for recovery of an area degraded by irregular disposal of solid waste, primarily the leather footwear industry, in Novo Hamburgo, RS. The area’s evaluation was conducted as part of the activities of a discipline Technologist course in Environmental Management from the University Feevale, RS, and elaborate proposition of using drainage system, plumbing of manure and rainwater harvesting, soil bioremediation for preservation flora recomposed following the closure of irregular landfills and insertion of vegetation as a compensatory measure to the proposed works. The proposed actions are intended to minimize the impact produced by the disposal of materials containing heavy metals and high concentration of organic material identified on area.

The red ceramic industry accounts for a significant production of products across the country and can be considered as a producer of a well accessible to the population in general. With various incentives, the sector is growing, changing industrial processes and increasing production and marketing of its products possibilities. Thus, the objective was to conduct a survey of the main environmental impacts related to the clay industry and the steps of the production process. The research was exploratory and consisted of a survey of secondary data on the red ceramic industry, with consultations to library collections. It was found that the ceramic industry has a high potential impactful, but nevertheless mitigation measures can be taken to achieve sustainability in the production process.

Brazil´s geography provides important agronomic advantages due to its tropical region with high luminosity rates and mean annual temperatures. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are evaluated by the emission of gases in an absorption column derived from the combustion of diesel S500 and biodiesel blends. Toxicity tests with the microorganism Daphnia Magna were undertaken during 48 h, following ABNT 12713. PAHs concentration was determined by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GCMS) model QP 2010 Plus – Shimadzu. Results were measured by gas emission in a water absorption column from the combustion of diesel S10 blends with 3% biodiesel and 6% biodiesel with catalyzer linked to a stationary combustion engine. Results express for the combustion of diesel S500 a concentration of 2.60 μg/L for Benzo[a]anthracene and 1.85 μg/L for Benzo[a]pyrene, for blend diesel S500 + 3% Biodiesel, concentrations were 3.42 μg/L for Benzo[a]anthracene and 3.16 μg/L for Benzo[a]pyrene; for blend with 6% of biodiesel, concentrations were 2.44 μg/L for Benzo[a]anthracene and 2.17 μg/L for Benzo[a]pyrene for the combustion of diesel S500.

Sewage treatment plants, due to anaerobic process adopted, emit various odorous gases in the atmosphere, among them, the principal is hydrogen sulphide (H2S), formed through the anaerobic bacterial metabolism, which act by reducing sulphates to sulphides. The dissolved sulfide (HS-) in a liquid are easily released to the atmosphere in the form of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) which can be harmful to human health and the environment when in high concentrations. Several methods are taken to mitigate the sulfides, among them the use of oxidizing chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This efficiently reduces the amount of sulfides present in the effluent, through the reduction of sulfates to sulfides. However, with the use of this product in the effluent can be observed the change in coloration and change odor in sludge after treatment. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the impacts of H2O2 application on odor control in anaerobic reactors. With the results obtained it can be concluded that hydrogen peroxide was favorable in the removal of H2S, however, exhibited some effects such as change in color of the effluent explained by the formation of elemental sulfur.

Air pollution is an issue increasingly addressed worldwide, due to high levels of contaminants in urban and non-urban environments. Particulate matter is an air pollutant associated negatively to human health and the equilibrium of ecosystems. In order to determine the PM2.5 concentrations and compare them with data from an inventory of vehicle emissions and greenhouse gases of a logistic company of the region of Sinos River Valley, collections of fine particulate matter were done in the municipality of Campo Bom. Samples were collected monthly, in 24 hours periods, from 2 April, 2nd, 2013 to March, 27th, 2014. The annual average was 5.2 ug m-3 PM2.5.

Due to favorable environmental conditions of temperature, the anaerobic reactors for treating wastewater is widely used in Brazil, especially in Paraná. However, the anaerobic treatment systems generate sludge and biogas, comprising several gases, including hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is a major cause of bad odors. For mitigate emissions of H2S on sewage treatment plants it is necessary the use of physical, chemical or biological processes. The use of adsorption tower is an alternative used to control hydrogen sulfide emissions, this method has advantages to the other innovations like a stable process with moderate capital costs and exhibits high efficiency. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of adsorption tower with synthetic stuff (activated carbon impregnated with alumina) applied to the removal H2S because the main pollutant gas in sanitary sewer system. With the results obtained it can be concluded that even with the influence of external factors such as temperature and sewage flow, the efficiency of use of the adsorption tower is high, with 99% removal of H2S.

This study aim to show the temperature levels, air humidity and wind power, as well as compare the influence of the green areas in the temperature of Jardelandia neighborhood, located in the city of Paragominas-PA. This city is seen as a model of environmental management, however, some neighborhoods present afforestation deficit. Temperature data were collected in different spots and periods, it was concluded that the neighborhood presents afforestation deficit and high different levels of humidity in determined hours of the day which causes thermal discomfort and, in some cases, health problems, thus to thermal mitigation it is necessary a implantation of afforestation plan in the neighborhood.

Livestock is committed to reducing national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the categories animals that have issued more and emit greenhouse gases. Thus, the article aims to analyze GHG historical emissions from 1970 to 2013. It is an exploratory, quantitative study from secondary data. The study was based on the following GHG: (a) Methane (CH4), (b) Nitrous oxide (N2O) and (c) Carbon dioxide (CO2). For the categories of animals, the study included: (a) Asinine, (b) Muar, (c) Caprino, (d) buffalo, (e) Poultry, (f) Ovine, (g) Equine, (h) Pigs (i) Dairy Cattle and (j) beef cattle. Analysis of variance (F - ANOVA) aimed at assessing the significant difference between the categories of animals. The average test (Scheffé test) made it possible to form homogeneous groups. The activity of "beef cattle" was the most greenhouse gases emitted during the study period, distinguishing it from other types of animals.

Alternative and sustainable materials have been studied in order to improve the current adsorption technologies, circumventing some disadvantages associated to the process. In this context, the castor bean cake, a residual biomass from biodiesel production, emerges as a good option for adsorption studies. In this work, the castor bean cake was first pyrolyzed in a quartz tubular reactor under a N2 flow of 400 ml/min, heating rate of 10 °C/min and residence time of 60 min at the two final temperatures, 500 °C and 900 °C. The kinetic tests of CO2 adsorption by the biochars were performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer, at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 25 °C. The kinetic models fitted to the experimental data were the models of pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion. According to the results, the biochar prepared at 500 °C had a higher adsorption capacity (close to 40 mgCO2/gbiochar) in comparison to the biochar prepared at 900 oC. Moreover, it was found that the pseudo-second order model was well-fitted to the kinetic data of both samples, with determination coefficients (R2) close to 0.99.

Because of its extreme sensitivity to environmental changes, the lichens are recognized as one of the best bio-indicator plant species for evaluation of air pollution. This study presents data obtained during passive monitoring of three specific points in the city of Caxias do Sul-RS. Endpoints allowed a comparative reading through the lichens observed in rural, industrial and central area. They were found six areas equally divided between the above points, for a total of 99 phorophytes analyzed. In areas with higher incidence of activities with potential polluter observed fewer in number and species of lichens found in comparison with other areas. From the results it is concluded that the lichens inequality found between study points shows the trend of increased air pollution in industrial and central area compared to the rural area, proving the efficiency of lichens as bio-indicators of air quality.

This study presents looks after about a scientific research developed at the University Feevale in Novo Hamburgo/RS, aiming to determine the feasibility of using the species Lolium multiflorum Lam. as bioindicator of air pollution for the determination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) to indirectly determine the existence of contaminants in the air and its origin. Carbon Monoxide is considered as one of the major air pollutants and, one of the villains of global warming and aggravation’s cause of respiratory diseases, especially when considering the volume of emissions. From this reality, we seek new ways to quantify the presence and ways of determining the air’s quality through bio-indicators. Therefore, throughout the results obtained from analyzes on a grassy (Ryegrass), arranged in three points of exposure, allocated in cities of the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre/RS, over 2014. Through samples was observed low variation in the results and is considered necessary the continuity of the study, which is still in progress, to deepen the research and thereby obtain more conclusive and assertive results.

The aim of this work was to identify the pollutant emission sources in samples of full and wet precipitation in two municipalities of the Hydrographic Basin of the Rio dos Sinos (BHRS) through the enrichment factor (EF). The samples were collected in bulk and automatic samplers and then, separated into filtered and unfiltered aliquots. In the unfiltered aliquots, pH was determined and in the filtered aliquots, the concentration of ions SO42-, Cl-, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were determined by ion chromatography. In 15% of the studied cases, occurrence of acid rain was identified. As for the FE, Cl- had the largest marine contribution, Ca2+ had most continental contribution and K+ and SO42- had higher anthropogenic contributions. In bulk sampler, strong positive correlations were observed between the ions SO42- and Cl- and between K+ and Na+, and in the automatic sampler, strong positive correlation was only observed between ions SO42- and Cl-. Linear correlation between the ions of the two samplers showed R2 between 0.0175 to 0.2569.

This work aims to apply two different methods of quantification of carbon dioxide (CO2) to build a residence in the municipality of Caçapava do Sul-RS. The data were collected from a royal residence, used as standard in this study. The house is brick with 80 m² projection area, which has 2 bedrooms, kitchen, living room, bathroom and laundry area. In the construction costs were 110 bags of cement (50 kg) and 90 bags of lime (20 kg) 8,400 bricks, tiles 2300, 270 kg of steel / iron, and 27 m³ gravel. The methods used to quantify air emissions were adapted from Junior (2008), which quantifies emissions through data from various literary research, and the method of Costa (2012), which uses tabulated values to calculate the emission factor and loss the main products used in construction. By Junior method (2008) met as a result the value of 225 kg of CO2 emissions each m² of construction, resulting in the amount of 18,000 kg as total emission of this work. While the method of Costa (2012) resulted in the amount of 5,559 tons of CO2 during the construction of the same work. We report a large disparity between the methods used and stressing the need for more precise studies, not just theoretical, but experimental in order to corroborate more consistent results in relation to this issue.

http://www.fiema.com.br/fiemacon/5o-congresso-internacional-de-tecnologia-para-o-meio-ambiente/5 Air pollution is the contamination of the atmosphere, either by waste incomplete reactions such as combustion, solid or liquid pollutants resulting from human activities and natural phenomena dispersed in atmospheric air, that may be harmful to human health and damage the planet directly or indirectly. This work consisted in a bibliographic research on air pollution in Brazil, SciELO database. 110 articles were identified, but were selected to discuss the study results from 2004, as its temporal relevance, totaling 30 articles. Thus, it was identified that the subject air pollution is growing, whereas recent years (2010-2015) corresponding to 50% of publications. As for periodicals and area of expertise in which the articles are published, it was observed that these are still mostly related to health, 66.7%. In relation to the pollutants studied the articles, it was noted that these were mostly pollutants set by CONAMA Resolution No. 03/1990 - ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides nitrogen (NO and NO2), and particulate matter in its various fractions (TSP, PM10 or PM2.5). This study shows the panorama of research on air pollution in Brazil, SciELO database, outlining the areas and periodicals as a reference for future studies.

Hydroelectric power plants are considered the best way to use of stemmed energy resources of nature that have today, these enterprises require periodic monitoring on the water quality, climate and fauna. To facilitate and make these accessible data, the University of Caxias do Sul and hydroelectrics installed in the Basin Taquari-Antas develop a web tool capable of storing in databases and process environmental information making them available to the scientific community and the general population, the SIA - Environmental Information System. This sense, this study obtained a ichthyofaunistic lifting Taquari-Antas Energy Complex through the data provided by the SIA. Sampling points were chosen for the extraction of information, and the quantification of species was carried out by the Shannon Index (H ').

The qualitative state of water resources is essential to its management, and the monitoring of water quality is decisive for to define the framework and the conditions for human consumption, agriculture and leisure among others that may depend on it. Its importance is highlighted in the National Water Resources Policy - Federal Law no. 9433/97 (BRAZIL, 1997. One of its goals is "to ensure current and future generations the necessary water availability in quality standards appropriate to their respective uses." The use and occupation of land, urbanization and industrialization influence on water quality and may cause irreversible impacts on aquatic ecosystems. The micro basin Burati stream, part of the Taquari-Antas basin in its mountain stretch (stretch-Antas) located in the “Serra Gaúcha” region, occupying areas of the cities of Bento Gonçalves, Garibaldi, Farroupilha, and Pinto Bandeira. This study evaluated through physical, chemical and microbiological parameters, the self-purification capacity of this micro basin involving stretches associated with urban area of Bento Gonçalves, its influence on the main body of Burati River and the latter in Rio das Antas. Samples were collected in 8 points on the surface, following the directions of the NBR No. 9898 (ABNT, 1987) and the National Guide Collection and Sample Preservation (ANA, 2011). The results demonstrate the self-purifying capacity of this sub-basin considered the BOD parameters, COD, Total Solids, conductivity, phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as the impact of Burati River and its tributaries on the Rio das Antas and its contribution to reducing the impact of human actions in the main channel.

Water is essential to life because it regulates the biogeochemical cycles, maintains the equilibrium of ecosystems as well as being a strategic resource for economic development. Thus reconciling the multiple uses of water, promoting sustainability presents itself as a challenge. Aware of the need for a long-term planning regarding the quality of water resources in order to maintain the activities in the Basin Taquari Antas, the Board of the Rio Grande do Sul State Water Resources defined by CRH Resolution n° 121/2012 the framework of surface waters of the basin. In this context, this paper presents the calculation of the Environment Compliance Index (ICE) of the watershed of Arroyo Lageado Tacongava, located on the Middle Rio Guaporé region, the Basin Taquari Antas. For this, we analyzed 22 physical, chemical and biological parameters in 7 sampling points along the watershed, from October 2013 to October 2014. Through the methodology proposed by Amaro (2009), we calculated the ICE whose results showed that the Section 4 is the only rated as (within the established framework). The other monitored points (1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7) were classified as remote, or distant from the framework established by virtue of the concentration of nitrate and fecal coliforms.

Water is a priceless natural resource since it is a strategic resource for economic development rather than an indispensable product indispensable for production. In fact, it is vital for the maintenance of biological, geological and chemical cycles, coupled to the maintenance of ecosystems in equilibrium. The municipality of Imbuia in the region of the high Itajaí valley in the state of Santa Catarina, has water springs used for several purposes. In the rural area, water springs attend to the water demands of rural populations due to the great distances from the supply and treatment centers, and to domestic use. Current study analyzes water quality of five water springs, used by the communities, in the districts of Nova Alemanha (NA), Alto Rio Engano (RE), Campos das Flores (CF), Alto Garrafão (AG) and SC 428(SC). The physical and chemical assays were performed with methodology recommended by Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 22nd edition, and results compared with Ministry of Health Norm 2914. The following parameters were evaluated: dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, apparent color, turbidity, fluoride, iron, manganese, aluminum, conductivity, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and total dissolved solids. Analysis revealed that aluminum concentration rates were higher than maximum rates permitted (MRP) established by MS 2914 (0.20 mg/L). The latter was detected by the following concentrations at the sampling sites: 3.35 mg/L(NA), 0.73 mg/L (RE), 5.80 mg/L (CF), 1.00 mg/L (AG) and 1.05 mg/L(SC).

This paper presents a study for the selection of areas for the location of a flow regulation dam combining hydrological studies with geographic information tool. From remote sensing studies, hydrological parameters for the basin were determined and two potential areas for siting the flow regulation dam were selected. To meet the water supply requirements of the city in study one of the areas evaluated would require a dam with 20 m of whereas for the other this value would be 5,5 m, that is why the latter area it is recommended. Thus, the methodology adopted shows to be efficient and it attested, in terms of hydrology, the technical feasability of construct the evaluated dam.

Permanent Preservation Areas (APP), protected by the Brazilian Forest Code (Laws No. 12,651 and 12,727/2012), are areas covered or not by native vegetation with environmental functions of preserving biodiversity, water quality, geological stability, climate integrity and the well-being of human populations. Remote sensing techniques can assist the monitoring and surveillance of APP, for their conservation. Previous studies have shown that coastal lagoons of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) are vulnerable to fluctuations of the seasonal water regime. In this regard, however, the Forest Code does not specify conditions for APP demarcation in lakes and lagoons. The present study aimed to determine and compare dimensions of APP and flooded area of Lagoa do Potreirinho (30º23'43 ''S; 50º20'24''W) in Palmares do Sul-RS, Brazil, during conditions of maximum and minimum water availability. Rainfall data from the 1974 to 2014 series and the regional water balance were used to select eight Landsat 5-TM sensor satellite images. Geoprocessing of two images with SPRING 5.2.6 demonstrated that the APP simulated under water surplus situation (28/08/2009) has almost twice the area of that under water stress (28/04/2011). This methodology can allow the delimitation of lacustrine APP with dimensions potentially advantageous to the fulfillment of important environmental functions. It is recommended the demarcation of APP in the winter, when Lagoa do Potreirinho is under conditions of maximum seasonal quota. The results should be applied to the licensing and surveillance of activities surrounding this lagoon. Seasonal water regime variations should be considered in the management of neighboring coastal lagoons.

Although not considered works of great impact in the implementation of Small Hydro Power (SHP) must be accompanied already amending various physical and chemical factors of water resources where they will be installed. So the aim of this study was to analyze the impact on water quality in the stretch of influence of SHP located in Gaucha saw, before and during its implementation, as the framework established for this sub-basin. For that water samples were collected at four points located upstream and downstream of the reservoir, in 4 semi-annual campaigns - before and during the construction works. In general, the assessed section, the results indicated a good quality Lajeado Grande river maintaining adequate dissolved oxygen concentrations and relatively low concentrations of organic material, solids and nutrients, with most of the parameters being framed within the Classes 1, according to CONAMA Resolution No. 357/05, except for some points and campaigns whose BOD values, total phosphorus and fecal coliform were above the limits laid down in resolution. It is important that the stretch remains monitored to disclosing changes, analyzing the water quality behavior in the continuity of works and after completion so that the impacts are the result of the bus are identified and those arising from activities exercised amount of the enterprise.

Considering the finite nature and importance of water for sustaining life, rainwater is an ally to ration the use of drinkable water, since even without being treated can be used for various activities. This study evaluated the potential of capturing rainwater in Colégio Estadual do Campo Dom Pedro II, a school located in São Miguel do Iguaçu, in the west of Paraná. Aimed to provide support then in the future the unit implants a system to capture rainwater to reduce the use of drinkable water for activities where it isn’t needed. First it was calculated the annual and monthly average of the rainwater, based on historical series of ten years in the region. Right after it was calculated the total potential of catchment, which considered all the covered area of the structure. The partial potential, which considered the roofs that are served by rails already installed. After, these values were related to the average precipitation and scaled up the system to capture rainwater compatible with the demands of the School. After the analyzing of these data it was concluded that the partial area is enough to support the consumption in the unit. Based on this area it was dimensioned the volume of the reservoir based on 4 methods proposed by NBR 15,527. Based on the studies used as reference for developing this work, it was checked that these systems after implanted in their entirety are effective in reducing of spending on drinkable water. It was concluded that, to install a project of rainwater catchment is viable in the economic and promotes environmental sustainability.

The article shows the structure and use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to define and analyze the areas of flood and slide risks in the hydrographic basin Rio Maior located in the municipality of Urussanga, state of Santa Catarina. In the study of environmental issues related to impacts of land use in watershed that require spatial planning is pertinent to use GIS tool that is a source of basic information, especially in the representation of spatial information, which are widely used for creating maps theme. Thematic maps of flood and slide risks made with the geoprocessing tools through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) may dictate strategies for risk prevention.

The recent water scarcity scenario is the main challenge of the water resources management. The inefficiency of water supply systems, especially on its distribution networks, heavily contributes with water losses through those structures and in the already mentioned scenario. Using computer tools that simulate and virtually build water distribution networks based on multiple conditions optimize those structures, avoiding unnecessary costs. Thus, this article presents the development process of the Branched Network Model (BNM) using the Engineering Equation Solver ® (EES) software as its building tool. The BNM simulates branched water distribution networks involving the most important hydraulic variables for building or even monitoring those networks. After totally finished and tested, it was concluded that the BHSM shows itself as a reliable and user friendly tool, thanks to its simple user interface, for building and monitoring branched water distribution networks.

This study was conducted at Taquari river, one of the largest rivers in the Rio Grande do Sul, between the municipalities of Arroio do Meio e Cruzeiro do Sul. This analysis aimed to diagnose the total phosphorus content, this water resource, and their seasonal variations in order to meet the conditions of temporal and spatial concentration of this quality parameter in its waters. In addition, from the results, they were evaluated eutrophication capacity of the means by TSI (Trophic State Index), and the framework of water resources in this section in accordance with Resolution CONAMA 357/2005. Eight sampling points along the intended section have been defined, considering hydrodynamic issues and tributaries of contribution. All samples were collected at central points of the river, at three depths. The section presents a variability in Total Phosphorus concentrations in accordance with the contribution of the tributaries and the classification according to the TSI as eutrophic. The framing under the aforementioned resolution, reaches Class 3 for this parameter and the evaluation period.

The Paqueta Beach is a traditional leisure spot for residents of the city of Canoas, is on the left bank of the Rio dos Sinos in Permanent Preservation Area (APP) in the Environmental Protection Area (APA) of Jacuí Delta. The group of fishermen is closely related to the water and it make their living with the fish. The central question was to determine how this group is mobilized to meet the challenges of floods, environmental pollution and urbanization. To answer the question, it defined the following objective: to analyze, from the fishermen memories, forms of interaction and mobilization to solve problems that affect the collective. This work was done from the Master's dissertation entitled "Fishing memories in Paqueta Beach (Canoas-RS)," completed in May 2015. The theoretical assumptions of the study are on social memory; social mobilization to see how articulate to meet the challenges of floods, environmental pollution and urbanization faced in the city.

Concern about water quality in Brazil gained prominence on the agendas of technical and scientific community as well as in politics. To support decision-making, it needs a proper diagnosis of the situation of water resources, including the need for data collection based on monitoring suitably sized. The purpose of this article is to present the diagnosis of water quality carried out in the easts of the major rivers of the city of Frederico Westphalen - RS. Water samples were collected and analyzed the through the chemical quality of total nitrogen determinations , phosphorus , fluorine , potassium , dissolved oxygen and turbidity, also sought to characterize the areas on its use to assist future planning in order to mitigate the environmental problem on site. In some sources , the pollution potential of total nitrogen was so great that reached 3.5 times more than the limit indicated by the legislation; dissolved oxygen values presented in Lajeado Perau is a major concern as it is below 2.0 mg / L and this spring is the main source of residencial supply. The fluorine is also present in the water of the region , however in concentrations below the limit indicated for human consumption. It is concluded that in relation to the evaluated parameters , the water situation is considered good quality , even with some high levels . The monitoring is in environmental awareness actions background information on the community, aimed at the improvement and rehabilitation of springs.

Caxias do Sul is the second most populous city of the Rio Grande do Sul state, almost all of this population has access to potable water. The rural zones of the city does not have access to this benefit. This population uses water from alternative sources, like, wells, shallow wells, and natural springs, among other. The water obtained in this way could not be considered safe. Therefore, for the analysis of water quality were carried out collections of rural water’s samples from five districts of the city of Caxias do Sul from July to November 2015. The samples were subjected to microbiological testing to determine the presence of total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms. The end result was 120 samples collected and analyzed for total and thermotolerant coliforms. Criúva was the district that showed presence of total coliforms in 88,63% (39 of 44) of the samples. This study shows the importance of guidelines and monitoring carried out by the Secretaria Municipal da Saúde – Vigilância Ambiental due the degree of rural’s water contamination.

This article aims to analyze the theme of approach Water Resources in textbooks of primary school, recommended in 2014 PNLD The theme was chosen for its relevance, given the water crisis in some Brazilian states and worldwide. Significant learning developed by students result in formation of citizens aware and able to modify and build solutions to social and environmental problems

Watershed Management – Mandioca’s Creek in Divinopolis-MG The article aims to evaluate the currently situation of the watershed of Mandioca’s creek located at the Branquinho’s Community in Divinópolis-MG, Brazil. The analysis was made by taking into consideration the guidelines of the Brazilian Law 9.433/9 – National Water Resources Policy and the Law 13.199/99 - State Water Resource Policy of the State of Minas Gerais. Considering the watershed limits was possible to obtain various physical characteristics. The watershed study presents an area of high degradation level due to its agricultural utilization and livestock utilities. The area renewal and improvement of water quality, requires creating a reforestation process into the entire area. There is a large area in the watershed region with no vegetation covering that could lead to an erosion process in future. The recovery of the area will generate great benefits, such as the increasing of the water level and the enhancement of the water quality and local biodiversity. Beyond the vegetable and water preservation, Branquinho’s Community will be legally doing its environmental duties and also being an example to its neighborhood communities.

The human intervention has caused great harm to natural resources, particularly in the aquatic environment resulting quality degradation and water scarcity, and you can monitor it through the levels of organic matter. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the self-purifying capacity of the Itapecerica River in six points in the municipality of Divinópolis - MG, using the classic model developed by Streeter-Phelps, which considers the concentration of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). The results show that Rio Itapecerica has high concentrations of organic matter, having no natural self-purification capacity in the passages under consideration, lacking specific treatments.

The degradation of surface water resources through pollution and progressive increase in consumption has necessitated the search for alternative sources of supply. Because it is a finite natural resource, water is a public good that needs to be allocated among different uses and has its integrity compromised by factors such as industrial development, rapid urbanization and population growth. Considering these issues recognize and evaluate the potential of local water resources is necessary, since the River Inhandava is inserted in the north-northeastern state of Rio Grande do Sul, in the Uruguay river basin and watershed belongs to Apuaê-Inhandava. The objective of this research was to perform the modeling of surface water quality of the River Inhandava-RS. The data were inventoried quality of studies conducted in Rio were considered diffuse agricultural loads, animal waste and sewage. To assess the water quality of the Rio Inhandava, the computer model was used QUAL2Kw. The water quality has been shown, for most parameters, according to Resolution CONAMA 357/2005. The calibrated model QUAL2Kw, became an instrument to in the management of water resources, since the analysis of the results showed the selfpurification in downstream river study.

The search for technologies to assist in monitoring and in the control of protection of permanent preservation areas an is incessant search. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a tool that helps in monitoring these areas. Using this technology we can produce maps, and the proposed work this technology helped to assess whether the owners of rural and urban property and the city itself are complying with current legislation, protecting the permanent preservation areas. The maps produced from the town of Coxilha/RS show the reality of the permanent preservation areas in a general way and with more detail in watercourses near urban area.

A watershed is not just a portion of land delimited by it’s topography, but also a physical unit which reflects the natural and anthropic actions occuring in it. To understand the local and regional environmental dynamics the phisiographic parameters of a watershed can be determined using tools such as the Geographic Information System (GIS). Therefore, the aim of this work is to analyse the physiographic caracteristics of the Arroio Jacaré watershed, located at the Rio Taquari-Antas watershed, RS, using GIS. Parameters related to form, size, topography, and drainage network were used to comprehend the response of the basin concerning the possibility of flood peaks occurence. The results obtained to the basin showed extreme events are unlikely to happen due to the elongated form and the high concentracion time to the basin, causing no output peaks pronounced. Besides, the use of other parameters, not inlcuded in this work, might represent more appropriately the watershed’s behavior and lead to more reliable results.

This study aims to carry out the analysis of water levels in water wells on the campus of the Federal University of Santa Maria, located in the east area of the city of Santa Maria, in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The Campus has a total of 50 wells, and of those, about 24 are active and capture water on the outcrop zone of the Guarani Aquifer System, and this research was devoted to three of these wells. The collected data were crossed with information of precipitation obtained at the meteorological station installed in the campus. The length of the measurement period was one hydrological year, and the data collected in weekly monitoring. It was found a significant variation in the water level in the year of 2014, which was due to possible climatic variations, rainfall or the sedimentary geological material penetrated in wells. Besides, it is clear that the wells have some similar features in the resulting study, even if not located close to each other.

In the last years the nature has been changing due to the misuse of natural resources. Pollution, water shortages and deforestation are examples of the anthropogenic impact on the environment. This article will evaluate the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Trophic State Index (TSI) for the watercourse called Itapecerica River, located in the city of Divinópolis - MG. For proof and determination of water quality were collected six samples along the Itapecerica River, in which were analyzed physical, chemical and microbiological parameters, such as Dissolved Oxygen, water temperature, Total Nitrogen, Turbidity, Total Phosphorus, Chlorophyll A, among others. The results obtained in the analysis to verify the water quality indices in the are not acceptable standards.

The rapid world population growth has significantly contributed to the multiple existing environmental impacts we have been seeing lately. Among the most affected system is the water contamination by drug residues. Water resources are the largest recipients of domestic and industrial sewage. Thus, this study aims to develop a didactic proposal for sensitizing the water issues with the elaboration of an experimental activity. This activity uses the bioindicator, Daphnia sp., as a pedagogical mechanism to observe the effects of incorrect medicine disposal. The use of environmental bioindicators in the education field is innovative and allows, in a playful and didactic way, to contribute to the formation of empowered individuals and the ability to preserve the environment where they live, aiming at an improvement in their quality of life, and multiply the knowledge gained during the workshops.

Human activities negatively affect the water bodies’ health due the discharge of contaminants that change physical, chemical and biological characteristics from aquatic environment. This paper presents the results that indicate the depuration capacity of Tega river and its influence on Antas river, mountain stretch of the main watercourse from Taquari-Antas water basin, at Northeast of Rio Grande do Sul State. The parameters temperature, thermotolerant coliforms, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total solids and pH, which were annually monitored during a seven-year period, have allowed to compare data and the water quality index generation. From the results, it was possible to conclude that the hydrodynamic characteristics of Tega river have significantly contributed with its waters’ depuration, since in its first kilometres the river receives the discharges from urban areas of Caxias do Sul. Besides that, it was possible to identify that despite of the measurable quality improvement, the Tega river has a negative influence on quality of Antas river water.

Novo Hamburgo is a city located in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre , in the state of Rio Grande do Sul . The city has in its area a number of streams that contribute with Sinos River basin. The Rio dos Sinos is well known for its importance, as its river basin is responsible for supply a region with large population providing water for drinking, agriculture, a number of industries in the surrounding area and other necessities. Among these streams, is the Arroio Pampa, which has almost its entire length within the city of Novo Hamburgo, in four of the largest neighborhoods. The objective of this study was to compare the quality parameters of water between the Arroio Pampa, one of the collection points of this study, with the raw water abstraction point for water distribution in the city, the other point collected. The results of comparison indicate different numbers extremely wherein the Pampa Stream has a much higher contamination in all parameters.

The objective of this paper is to discuss the environmental management of reservoirs, using biological handling and ecological engineering techniques. To do so, the Marrecão stream dam, in the city of Garibaldi (RS), was used as a case study. This water resource has problems such as the excessive proliferation of macrophytes, due to the contribution of the drainage basin with nutrients and sediments. Because of this, a system of two wetlands was designed in this paper, for the treatment and the deviation of the rainwater, so that this wastewater is released downstream from the dam. Also, it was designed the plant replacement at the springs and tributaries of this basin, through a program of Payment for Environmental Services (PES). All these proposals will potencially minimize the problems aforementioned, enhancing the production of water to the reservoir, and reducing the intake of nutrients and sediments, as well as increasing the lifetime of this dam.

The sediments are an important component of aquatic ecosystems. In the past, they were considered a sink for nutrients and environmental contaminants. Currently, it is known that there is a dynamic equilibrium at the interface between the sediment and the water column. Thus, the pellets may represent a source of nutrients and contaminants, both the water column as well as for a variety of organisms. May therefore represent a latent potential for continued degradation, even though the water column and the very biota do not show concentrations above those established by current legislation, relating to water quality. The remobilization of species associated with sediment is a complex function influenced by factors such as particle size and the presence of organic matter, among others. In this context, this study characterized the Barigüi River sediment samples, metropolitan region of Curitiba-PR, for the size fractions, moisture (%) and was characterized organic matter by means of thermal analysis.

Water is essential to the development and maintenance of life and in the quality point of view is influenced by several factors related to the physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in the drainage basin of the water body itself. Based on the above, this study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the river reservoir Leite through limnological variables. For this study, five sampling points distributed throughout the Joao Leite reservoir were defined, in which some limnological variables were determined water quality readings and performed in situ with multi-parameter probe, fortnightly from January to December 2014. The results the analysis indicated a positive and significant correlation between TOC and ammonia with an R-value of 0.856. Since pH and chlorophyll-a showed a moderate positive correlation of 0.567. Despite the anthropogenic activities along the basin this spring, the behavior of the variables remained mostly within the limits established by Resolution CONAMA 357/2005.

The constant changes in nature associated with anthropogenic effects instigate researchers to verify the trends in environmental and hydroclimatic variables, such as the precipitation, which is extremely important for watershed management. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the behavior of precipitation registered by the 8th District of Meteorology - INMET (DISME), in order to verify trends from 1961 to 2013.In order to do that, linear regression analysis and non-parametric tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Run Test, Mann-Kendall and Pettitt were made. The regression results suggested that the precipitations are increasing for the analyzed period. However, the non-parametric tests show characteristics of normality, randomness and no trends in the series Thus, it can be concluded that the quarterly and annual rainfall series have no significant trends, at the 95% confidence level, for the period analyzed.

With the need for reduction of drinking water waste worldwide, actions to reduce water losses were studied in the supply system networks, which currently in Brazil is around 37%, significantly higher than the international average (17 %). Data were collected from Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais State, Brazil), study area, and other regions of Brazil and the world for analysis and study of the indexes and the main causes of loss of water treated in the supply systems, as well as their management practices and actions to reduce these losses. It was found through the studies in the areas of planning and management as well as proper techniques that many countries have managed to reduce its water loss indexes. It was concluded that there is need for emergency actions to reduce losses in the distribution network, but these actions are not only the responsibilities of the concessionaires, but of all those involved, as the government and the population.

The purpose of this article is to compare the results of two methods for the design of the rainwater tank suggested by the Brazilian NBR 15527/2007 and the software Netuno. The reservoir volumes were calculated for households in three cities in Brazil, Belo Horizonte (Capital of Minas Gerais State, Brazil), Recife (Capital of Pernambuco State, Brazil) and Rio Branco (Capital of Acre State, Brazil), chosen because they have distinct characteristics of precipitation. It was considered data from three rain gauge stations with 44-year-common time base, between January 1970 and December 2014. There was greater or lesser dispersion of results between design methods, according to the rainfall of each municipality. In the case of the city of Recife (PE), there was no such discrepancy between the results for low water demand for non-potable purposes, such as one that was evaluated in this study. The methods that consider the demand characteristics, average precipitation and collection area, such as the Simulation Method apparently are more robust and reliable in design of the rainwater reservoir volume.

The issue involving water supply, not only in urban areas but also in rural areas is a problem that affects mainly developing countries. In this sense, there are methods to promote the management and adequate protection of groundwater resources. This study aims to determine the natural vulnerability of the aquifer to contamination with use of GOD system (Foster et al., 2006) and the potentiometric surface of the Serra Geral Aquifer in Marau-RS. For this, we used the database SIAGAS/CPRM. With the results, it was observed that the vulnerability classes ranged from negligible to medium, with a predominance of insignificant and lower classes. The potentiometric surface values indicate that the clearance areas are in the most varied classes of vulnerability, indicating that in some areas it can occur contamination of the environment from it. Thus, it can be concluded that from the methodology used, the aquifer has good natural conditions for protection, with the presence of basaltic rocks of the Serra Geral formation

The assessment of water quality is crucial in determining its various uses and interfere in the economy and people's quality of life. One way to measure the quality of a water resource is through the use of indices such as the Trophic State Index (TSI). This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of an experimental watershed using the Trophic State Index (TSI). For this defined 7 sampling points at which were held 14 monitoring campaigns between August 2012 and February 2015. Based on the above, it obtained the following classifications: higher results were obtained in 1and these constitute 2.04 % characterizing supereutrofic index. In 7 samples resulted in mesotrophic, representing 7.15 %. 32 analyzes adding 32.65 % configure oligotrophic index and 59 samples comprising 58.16 % appeared as ultraoligotrofic. It is predominant in the region. It was noted variations in the concentrations of phosphorus and chlorophyll-a, however, the positive variation of phosphorus concentration showed no variation proportional to the concentration of chlorophyll-a indicates that for this water way no other interfering factors, for example, temperature and water clarity. It is hoped that this study may support the development of agricultural waste management plans, residential and industrial aimed a minimization environmental impacts.

There are currently two quantitative monitoring systems in 12 to 15 wells used for water supply in Carlos Barbosa. This study evaluated the use of the integrated system Groundwater - SIGAS, fully automated system for the quantitative monitoring of groundwater in two wells used to supply the city. Soon the monitoring system analyzed, demonstrated to be able to perform the quantitative monitoring wells associated with the Aquifer Fractured System in the city of Carlos Barbosa, in addition to providing the most detailed monitoring of the water level, main parameter for evaluation the reflection of water exploitation in the aquifer.

This work evaluated the interaction of the natural coagulant Acquapol C1 with microfiltration membranes of different materials - polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and cellulose acetate (CA) with nominal pore sizes of 0.2 µm, using techniques and characterization of membranes tests permeation. The operating pressure for the filtration of the solution Acquapol C1 - 550 ppm for 4 hours was 0.5 bar below the critical pressure. The membranes were characterized as to the chemical structure and hydrophilic character, hydraulic permeance performance and filtration of the solution. The fouling percentage was lower for the membrane CA.

The presence of nitrogen compounds may be indicative of anthropogenic contamination in groundwater. The oxidized forms of the element (nitrite and nitrate) are associated with harmful effects on human health, such as methemoglobinemia. This quantitative study aimed, therefore, the evaluation of the quality of groundwater of thirty three wells located in rural and urban areas of the city of Palmeira das Missões, Rio Grande do Su.l Through the collected samples was made to various parameters of analysis: electrical conductivity, hydrogenionic potential, temperature, turbidity, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus, total dissolved solids and salinity, and they are compared to the maximum values set forth in brazilian federal law. Among all samples, none had values above the stipulated in Resolution 396/2008 of CONAMA. However, some authors suggest that the legislation is too lenient and that the maximum nitrate value should be three times lower than stipulated.

Waste disposal and pollutant discharge are still common in water bodies used for repression of water for further processing in the ETAs. Areas subject to anthropogenic agents may show changes in raw water quality, along with higher intensity of rainfall. This work has been the primary objective evaluation of contamination by anthropogenic agents through site visit of ETA adduction for analysis of possible pollutants and analysis of the influence of rainfall through the data contained in the operational control of bulletins studied ETA. There were no significant sources of pollution at the site of adduction and it was observed that the color and turbidity parameters are proportional to rainfall intensity.

The article deals with the structure of a base map with the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS). The goal is to design a geographic database and conflictive areas of the watershed Rio Carvão to serve as a basis in the spatial analysis of the area. The results in this phase of the research are summarized in the preparation of thematic maps of hypsometry, slope and land use in GIS environment. The results so far show that SIG modeled in other thematic information can be worked as the crossing of the maps now available.

The industrial and population growth are the primarily responsible for the generation of waste and sewage on cities, which, when not collected, processed or disposed improperly they end up being taken away by the rain to the riverbeds, demaging the quality of the water resources. This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the Pinhal Stream, located in Caxias do Sul / RS, in order to establish parameters that allow a control and assist in making decisions regarding the maintenance of the health of the water body and its surroundings. In this context, were selected four sampling points, influenced by human activities established in the basin and effluents dumped in the creek from March 2012 to July 2014. We used the classification established by FEPAM (s.d.) as the required quality for framing. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated based on nine parameters set for it. The results generally indicate the poor quality of the stream. In the first two points of collection, water features quality "bad" and the last two points analyzed the quality paused in the regular class, is index the difference was due to the location of points, the former are in the urban area since the last. They are in remote locations with predominance of native forest. This quality monitoring it is important to support the decision-making management of water resources possible to identify the main sources of contamination and establish greater control and supervision of the activities set out in that basin.

The knowledge about the quality of the available water is critical to the management of water resources. In Caxias do Sul is located the source of the Tega stream, one of the main tributaries of the city. This stream drains the entire northern area of the city, receiving the influence of urban and rural activities, which may cause commitment of its waters. It flows in the Antas River, being one of the responsible for the commitment of the Taquari-Antas Watershed. This study aims to evaluate the environmental quality of this stream, through physical and chemical parameters. We selected three points of the stream: source (point 1), course (point 2) and the point after the stream mouth (point 3). The collection of water samples occurred in 2014, at September, October and November. Dissolved oxygen, as well fecal coliforms, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), nitrate, phosphate, total phosphorus, pH, turbidity, total solids, temperature and conductivity were analyzed. The sanitary conditions of Tega stream are worrying, mainly after passing through the urban area. This is in line with the results obtained for physical, chemical and biological parameters and later framework in CONAMA 357 of 17 March, 2005, that fits the stream in class 3. This highlights the need for continuous monitoring of its waters and the motivation for public policies are designed to protect the water resources.

Mining activities have significant impacts on the environment, for the development of this activity involves removal of vegetation, soil exposure to erosion processes with changes in the quantity and quality of surface and underground water resources, in addition to causing air pollution, among others negative. An alternative to the recovery of degraded areas is stonemeal, which basically consists of the incorporation of rocks / minerals to the soil. A major source of mineral waste for stonemeal is the processing industry of ornamental stones. The use of marble shops residues and organic waste, such as Eichornia crassipes, in partnership, can generate a rich substrate organic and mineral matter, composed of micro and essential macronutrients plant nutrition, promoting the recovery of degraded areas by mining, in particular providing an improved quality of the displayed subsoil by activity with consequent restoration of the site and closing cycle of the same mineral residue.

The activities in the civil construction area produce great economic and social development, however still there is the behavior of a great creator of proper environmental impact by the high consumption of natural resources, modification of the landscapes and generation of the residues. Among the most used materials in the civil construction it is the expanded polystyrene polymer (EPS) which presents advantages concerning his properties and characteristics such as low density, thermal and acoustic isolating capacity, besides the economic viability, however it is the challenge in the management of the discard of the residual EPS for not producing a profitable return for the realization of the service. The National Politics of the Solid Residues (PNRS), established in 2010, has principles and objectives that are based on the stimulus of the conscious consumption, by implantation of the shared responsibility and reserve logistic, stimulating, this way, the reduction of the environmental and sanitary impacts caused by the unsuitable disposal of the solid residues. In this context, looking for an alternative of use for the produced residue of EPS, it was proposed to check experimentally the possible manufacture of concrete using residual EPS in the partial substitution, leading to consequent reduction of the final volume of polymeric material discarded in the civil construction activities. The analysis of efficiency in partial replacement was made through the resistance test of the bodies of evidence and the results obtained showed that the majority of samples presented a reduction of resistance, however, the partial replacement of 5% shows the 24.06 Mpa as 100% of resistance with the rupture of the body of evidence at 28 days of age, satisfying the norm.

In a composting environment happens the decomposition of organic waste and this degradation is promoted by aerobic microorganisms. The objective of this work was to study the occurrence of arthropods and their stay in composters protected with shading during the period of decomposition, with environmental factors, moisture, temperature and pH under control. Eight composters were mounted with food wastes degraded for 90 days. Environmental factors were checked every three days and arthropods collected weekly, counted and identified. The pH ranged between 5.0 and 8.5, the temperature between 23,8ºC and 19,1ºC, moisture remained stable. 14 Families of arthropods were identified. It was concluded that a controlled composting environment presents initial conditions favorable to the arthropods, but there was a decrease in occurrence along the degradation process as environmental characteristics, predation and reduced availability of nutrients may interfere with the growth of some species.

This study had objective to develop a flour from the eggshell. Given the large number of waste generated in industries eggs and taking into account the health benefits, provided by the eggshell, the production of this flour can be considered an option to prevent the accumulation of waste allocating them to a use appropriate. The experiments were performed in the laboratory, where after proper cleaning of the raw material, it was subjected to heating process in an oven with forced air, the milling process, and screening for the subsequent obtaining of flour. For future studies we suggest the development of a sensory analysis to ensure that the flour will not interfere with the organoleptic characteristics of the final product.

This study investigates the properties of geopolymeric materials from residuals bottom ash and kaolin stemmed from industries in southern Brazil. Geopolymers are materials that have binding properties, highly resistant and can be used in various applications including as a substitute for ordinary cement. These materials are synthesized from a source of amorphous aluminosilicate activated with a strongly alkaline reagent. To promote the reactivity of kaolin, it was thermally treated for 2 hours at 800 ° C to pass to metakaolin. The main bases used are sodium and potassium hydroxide. However, as the solid raw material used, some authors cite the differences that can be found depending of the choice of reagent . Thus, to verify the properties of the geopolymer material were tested sodium hydroxide solution at concentrations of 15 mol / L in a mixture with sodium silicate. Analysis of fluorescence X-ray (XRF) were performed to verify the percentages of silicon and aluminium oxides present in kaolin for preparing the best formulation to contemplate the technology of geopolymeric materials. The microstructure of the material was analyzed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. The analysis results were promising and characteristics of the synthesized material are in agreement with studies in the literature regarding the new cements called by geopolymers

Permanent magnets of rare earth metals have magnetic characteristics highlighted, such as maximum magnetic product and saturation magnetization, making them essential in technological applications nowadays. Among the uses, the neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets are used in desktops and laptops hard disk drives (HDs) as driving force in reading the stored data. This work developed the study of characterization of commercial magnets in order to draw a technological recycling route for rare earth metals. From the collection and disassembly of laptops and desktops hard drives, in which the magnet represents less than 3% of the total mass for both, a demagnetization process was proceeded, which was efficient at the temperature of 312 °C. Then, the magnet was comminuted and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), showing the Nd2Fe14B tetragonal phase as the dominant constituent of the samples. It was also carried out analysis in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), in which magnet composition showed an average of 37% by weight of neodymium and 42% by weight of iron, among other chemicals. It was concluded that the desktop and laptop magnets have similar characteristics in the chemical composition, microstructure and the Nd2Fe14B phase.

With the creation of the National Plan for Solid Waste (PNRS) , and its development , public and private companies began to develop initiatives to adapt to the new scenario regarding the disposal of waste generated by them . Among these initiatives in development , there is the Ecoelce Project, which consists in a discount in the energy bill with the exchange of recyclable waste, a privacy policy of the State of Ceara that relating social and environmental action with the population. The study is grounded in data collected from this project between the years 2011 to 2014 in which it developed a tool called RESIDUAL TARGET ESTIMATOR where estimate the storage volumes by identifying the curve in seasonal periods.

Economic and environmental aspects drive improvements in production processes. The machining processes, widely used in metal-mechanic industry, use large amounts of cutting fluid. In order to reduce this consumption, new machining techniques have emerged. The dry cutting techniques and the minimal amount of cutting fluid are important alternatives to the conventional method (cutting with plenty of cutting fluid). In order to assess the environmental and economic performance of different machining techniques, machining a sample of polyacetal, a sample of 1350 aluminum and SAE 1020 steel sample in each of the techniques. With the outcome of the study is an analysis of the relationship of the different techniques with the generation of waste, an assessment of environmental and economic. The technique of milling with cutting fluid application presented by the conventional method with higher costs and larger volumes of waste generated. Since the technical system with minimal amount of cutting fluid had low amounts of waste generated, but demonstrated a high production costs. It appears thus that the technique of dry cutting, the company's operating conditions, has a better environmental performance, with smaller quantities of waste generated and also the best economic performance, and the technique with less cost.

In recent years, the intensive use of natural resources motivated by excessive consumption, increase considerably the environmental impacts. To allow the diagnosis of solid waste generation of a planning unit are usually used physical characteristics, such as per capita generation and gravimetric composition. The treatment of the organic fraction of solid waste may be carried out by vermicomposting, characterized by an aerobic decomposition process ranging from composting technology. The objective of this study was to identify the generation per capita and gravimetric composition of households with different socio-economic characteristics and verify the treatment behavior of the organic fraction of the waste through vermicomposting. The study was conducted in four residences located in the western region of Paraná. The organic fraction generated was subjected to treatment in vermicomposting box, made of three plastic buckets with a capacity of 5 L. Regarding the per capita generation, it is observed that all households had generation below that indicated by the IBGE (2009) to the municipality up to 30 000 inhabitants. It was observed that the four homes in the study, two had reduced the number of worms, one remained exactly with the initial characteristic and one had the amount of worms increased by 60%. Given the great generation of waste organic matter, the practice of vermicomposting can be considered technically feasible, thus reducing the generation of organic matter and producing a nutrient rich compound which can be used for home fertilization.

Vinegar is a product widely used as a condiment and food preservative. The balsamic vinegar is characterized by being a product obtained from alcoholic and acetic fermentation of cooked grape wort, which is obtained from crushed grapes and separated early in the fermentation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of different samples of balsamic vinegar marketed in Italy as a reference for Brazilian producers and consumers. To determine the total antioxidant activity was used the method described by Popov and Lewin using photochemiluminescence and polyphenol content was obtained by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The analyses performed were the antioxidant activity expressed in μmoles.mL-1 (ascorbic acid equivalent) ranging between 2.5 and 41, and the polyphenol content ranging from 0.8 to 11.7 mg.mL-1 (gallic acid equivalent).

Environmental sustainability in municipal solid waste management area requires making more and more decisions based on techniques / tools that help in the process, for the system to be optimized, aiming at a lower cost to the municipalities, looking adequadar the city a environmental management with less impact to the environment. The results obtained by applying the Life Cycle Inventory in the solid waste management system in the municipalities of São Luiz Gonzaga and Santo Angelo-RS in 2005 and 2006, took into account all stages of the process. The methodology Inventory Lifecycle, proposed by ISO 14040, was used to assess the environmental comparisons of the current system of management of municipal solid waste of these cities, using the Integrated Solid Waste software (ISW) version 2.5. After the simulations performed in São Luiz Gonzaga, it is clear the importance of recycling process management system, reducing the emission of pollutants. However, its positive effect is covered by the final disposal system used (dump), the main polluter of this municipality. In Sant'Angelo, the system is better, with selective collection and landfill with gas flaring and treatment of leachate generated by the decomposition of solid waste. The results support the idea that these techniques or tools are of great value, assisting in decision-making in municipal solid waste management systems, contributing to the environment and population that sees the cleanest cities.

Cocos nucifera (L), is a fruit family member Arecaceae, popularly known in Brazil as Bahia Coco; is one of the most consumed fruits in our country, both in natura but also industrialized, through the production of sweets, milk, cleaning products, fats and other derivatives. Some research based in paleobotanic, attribute its origin to Asia while others do not confirm this fact. It was introduced in Brazil at the beginning of colonization through the northeastern coast and soon became one of the main products manufactured by the Brazilian Northeast agriculture. It is estimated that the water consumption of coconut only in Brazil, to reach more than 60 million liters / year. With consumption rising, it is natural that waste production also increase. The objective of this research was to test the use of the bark of the coconut as a container for planting epiphytic plants, avoiding the use of plastic bags and then reintroducing naturally without the need for removal of the epiphytic plant development casing, ensuring so the proper development of the plant and the subsequent return to nature, gradually the decomposed bark components, thus avoiding environmental problems and ensuring the preservation of bromeliads, orchids and other important plants for the micro and macro fauna of our forests; both in protected areas but also in urban green areas.

Plastic films are used as agricultural mulch films worldwide. They allow higher production and less use of herbicides and pesticides by covering the soil, controlling weed, maintaining temperature, and avoiding water evaporation. The most used plastics films in agriculture are made of polyethylene. During usage, however, most part of these polyethylene films are partially disintegrated and small parts of them remain in the soil. Since this is not a biodegradable material, an environmental issue is so created due to plastic accumulation in the environment. An alternative for it is the use of biodegradable mulch films such as the ones produced from starch, or starch combined with other compounds like proteins. In this work, chromed leather wastes (CLW) were hydrolyzed in alkaline media to extract protein. Cornstarch and glycerol were mixed with this protein (in aqueous solution) for the production of polymeric films latter applied as agricultural mulches. The films were tested for their thickness, water vapor transmission, nitrogen and chromium content. Water vapor transmission of the films was from 3.6 to 4.6 times lower the water vapor transmission with no barrier. It indicates the films would reduce water evaporation and, consequently, the amount of water needed for irrigation. The amount of chromium (prevenient from the CLW extracted protein) is in accordance to international standards for chromium in fertilizers. After use, the films may be mixed to the soil, where they may degrade and release nitrogen and carbon, which are nutrients for the soil.

The textile sector generates effluents with high levels of organic matter, minerals and dyes, which may change the chemical, physical and biological properties of springs, given that the presence of dyes springs of water alters the process of light absorption by plants and animals, which undermines the process of photosynthesis. From these facts, this research work aims to use the process of biosorption in the removal of dye Neolan Black WA, since this method uses inexpensive and easily obtainable materials. With the aim of evaluate the effect the solution pH and chemical treatment of biosorbents with a sulphuric acid solution (H2SO4) of 0,5 M concentration on the adsorption process carried out a factorial design 2². Found to graphic surfaces of responses that the best conditions for the removal of the dye with bagasse from sugarcane occurred at pH = 2 and without chemical treatment. The statistical data show that bagasse from sugarcane adsorbed high levels dye, reaching almost 100% removal of the adsorbate, already the orange peel has not proved as efficient at removing dye, although it presented removals nearby to 65%.

Studies on gravimetric composition of solid waste can establish procedures for different stages of the its management system. The research aims to analyze the gravimetric composition of solid waste from two predominantly residential neighborhoods with distinct purchasing power (in the municipality of Vacaria - RS). Waste was daily collected from regular and selective collection and characterized as the quartering method. The lower income neighborhood presented a higher percentage of organic matter and textile components. The more affluent neighborhood had a higher percentage of glass and paper. It was found the presence of components suitable for recycling in the regular collection and food waste in the selective collection. It appears the need for greater disclosure to the public about the collection system in the city, encouraging it on their responsibility for the proper segregation and transfer of waste to the street.

Work is the activity whereby we seek the support and recognition in society. This article aims to identify the profile, working conditions and income, as well as the types and waste arriving for recycling the waste pickers associations of Caxias do Sul. The methodology consists of interviews with 169 pickers, field diaries and waste characterization. The results , show that the working conditions among professionals organized in associations and not organized like this differ concerning the form of organization of work and income. The types of materials sent to these places, 85.5 % are capable of being recycled, which means disposal as waste 15% of the total volume, representing loss of income and time of pickers. Thus, becomes essential the ambiental education to qualify the process of segregating in the population and reduce the impact of these materials on the environment

The purpose of this work is to study the viability of using waste of black wattle shell (RCAN) generated in the tannin extraction process, for activated carbon production. In southern of Brazil about 250 tons/day of shells are generated by the industrial sector and much of this material is intended for composting or disposed in landfills. Aiming to use this waste was carried out pyrolysis and activation experiments with H3PO4 in a controlled atmosphere. The constituents of RCAN were evaluated by elemental analysis and coals characterization was obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the surface area and pore volume by the BET and BJH method, scanning electron microscopy (MEV) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Elemental analysis of RCAN presented a 51.4% carbon and the surface area was approximately 906 m2/g for the activated carbon with H3PO4, value higher than the surface area of activated carbon (CAC). In the MEV images can be seen well-developed porous structure of chemically activated carbon which is in agreement with the high surface area presented by BET analysis.

This research discusses about the use of a tool to support decision making for choice of areas for the installation of solid waste transfer Station to a Public Inter-municipal Consortium, installed in the Southeast region of Brazil. The Transhipment Station (ET) is the place of temporary storage of waste which aims to optimize the logistics and reduce the operating costs of the Waste Management System. In practice, the effect the script collector trucks in your municipality and transporting the waste to the ET, where transfer the waste to another truck with greater capacity to perform the transport to the Landfill. In this way, the ET has to be installed in a strategic location and compatible with the legal criteria, economic, environmentaL and social. So, to subsidize the locational setting, these criteria were translated into a decision matrix with assignment of corresponding values to the respective degree of significance and specification of the alternatives available to choose in order to obtain a table with the intersection of the data to make the preliminary areas identified. The results showed that the array can be used in the decision-making process of choosing areas for ET. At the end, it is concluded that the valuation criteria must be made by consensus of a multidisciplinary team to avoid directions of interest and to ensure the most appropriate place to the use in question.

The rubble is a material which causes damage to major construction due to the cost of removal and storage in a suitable place. Currently we seek to find a solution that makes the useful rubble for construction. To this end, it carried out studies for the realization of rubble-soil-cement bricks. Analysis of the results to be obtained must meet the requirements of ISO 8492/1984 dealing with soil-cement brick due to its similarity to the brick rubble-soil-cement and should not be less than 2.0 MPa for average values and 1.7 MPa for individual values. Given standard soil-cement brick it was adopted considering that these are the most similar materials used in its execution. Initially were determined four lines based on the theoretical framework, after artir the results of these determined an appropriate trace using cement CP II Votoran brand, sand from the river, soil and water, and in a 1: 2: 4: 3 (cement : sand: rubble: soil) and performed the procedures established for development of this work. Obtained values of resistance to compression and absorption, the average thereof was calculated to verify whether the resistance was in accord with the norm, and also for evaluating whether the media conditions were according to the need. The brick rubble-soil-cement end scores a compressive strength equal to 2.35 Megapascal and an average absorption of 13.18%, so this product will conform to the provisions of ISO 8492, which deals with the determination of compressive strength and absorption of soil cement brick water.

The reuse of materials is a topic of great interest due to the high amount of waste generated in many different activities. Wastes of wood poles treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) and the ceramic electrical insulators (RIP) are reusable materials that can be applied in the wood plastic manufacturing. Such wastes are generated in the maintenance of electricity distribution networks. In this work the capability of of reuse these wastes as reinforcements in composite materials containing a matrix high density polyethylene (HDPE) was analyzed. It was added coupling agent for improved adhesion between the phases. The wood was milled in mill knives and the RIP was ground in ball mills. It was tested several formulations for the composite, totaling 30% of reinforcement. The materials were processed on a double threaded extruder and injected for obtaining the test samples. It was analyzed the flexural strength ,tensile strength and the leaching test, according to NBR 10,005/04 to evaluate the classification and possible application for this material. In the flexural and tensile strength tests the addition of 50% of each reinforcement increasesthese properties compared to pure HDPE, indicating effort transfer between matrix and reinforcement.. The concentration of copper, chromium and arsenic in the leachate was lower than allowed by law. Thus, developing composites with hazardous waste as a reinforcing agent presents itself as an alternative for recycling this waste and contribute to reducing the environmental impact.

Currently, there is growing concern about the generation of solid waste related to the disposal of non-biodegradable packaging from fossil sources. The use of biopolymers, such as starch for the packaging production has attracted the attention of companies in recent decades, due to its biodegradability. Furthermore, the incorporation of agro-industrial residues in the production of biodegradable packaging has become the focus of numerous studies because these raw materials are generally rich in bioactive compounds and fibers and they are commonly discarded during food processing. In this context, the objective of the present work was evaluate the effect of the inclusion of agro-industrial waste from the food processing, such as blueberry and jabuticaba bagasse, pinhão coat, and cakes of sesame and flax seeds on the mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of biofilms produced with cassava starch by the casting technique. Analysis of mechanical properties showed that the film containing jabuticaba residue had the highest percentage of elongation at break, while films with blueberry bagasse and flax seed cake had higher breakdown tension values, similar to commercial LDPE film. Films with flax seed and pinhão coat showed higher Young's modulus values, however, these values are lower than commercial films. Evaluating the results of permeability to water vapor it is noticed that more studies are needed in order to improve the barrier properties.

Waste of Health Services (RSS) come from assistance activities to human and animal health, have regulatory and legislative sanctions when unfulfilled. Therefore, it is important to know that the correct management of these by responsible service person to animal health, which is normally the veterinarian. The objective of this study is to evaluate the knowledge of these professionals as categorization, treatment and disposal of RSS. The selected issues involve: the classification of 42 types of waste by veterinary professionals in infecting categories, chemical, radioactive, organic, recyclable and sharps; verbal account of the accomplished treatment method and final destination for each category generated in the service. The results in the categorization were: a) none of the respondents hit 100% of the items; b) errors that are worth mentioning the inherent risk refers to waste classified as recyclable and which belong to other categories; c) categorization of sharps obtained the best results, while chemicals are more confused with infectious or sharps. About accomplished treatment method the existing categories RSS stands out that 24.3% could not inform in any category and only 5.4% answered correctly in the totally. The final destination is highlighted that 59.5% of respondents could not inform the destination of the waste. Highlights the lack of knowledge of this professional category in the management of RSS, need for trained professionals to conduct ongoing education and deepen the subject during their academic training.

The uncontrolled city growing and the speed which certain kind of technology is replaced by another one is being reflected on the solid waste quantity discarded every day. Waste sorting centers are a way to separate and to dispose of this waste correctly, instead of sending it to sanitary landfills. However, waste sorting centers are far away from having high-quality design regarding the built environment and functional organization. This study was developed for the purpose of qualifying the Serrano Waste Sorting Center. It seeks to improve the working environment, to increase productivity, and to better quality of life for the employees. After starting with the theoretical foundation and case studies of operation environments, guidelines were defined to enable the proposal of a modular functional organization. This suggestion is expected to serve as a basis for organizing other waste sorting centers whit similar workspace arrangement.

Solid waste pose a problem for the whole society that due to steady population and industrial growth not accompanied by appropriate solutions to your management, results in harmful consequences to the environment and public health. This paper proposes techniques for the proper management of waste generated by a manufacturing adhesive label industry, considering the economic and environmental viability. It also seeks to prepare the organization for future implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS). To that end, we analyzed the production process and identified the types of waste generated in addition to the operational actions employed in its management. Yet, they were studied and related legal aspects applicable to the subject matter, being determining factors for different stages of development of the Industrial Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP). Through the results and applicable law highlighted the need to application of improvements that favor both the company and environmental preservation, and measures and adaptations have been proposed for the full implementation of the plan.

Inadequate waste management has generated concern because of adverse impacts on health and the environment. Among the waste generated by society, electronic waste (WEEE) show a growing generation because of the progressive reduction of life and technological innovation. In order to obtain information about the Região Metropolitana da Serra Gaúcha, consists of thirteen cities of Serra Gaúcha, projections were made for the years 2010 to 2040 of the population and the operating companies, the proportions of homes and companies that have the equipment and its estimated composition. The results show that for a population of 778,617 inhabitants and 46,170 companies in 2014 were generated 6,090 t/year of WEEE, with a projection for the year 2040 of 1,071,400 inhabitants and 70,499 companies resulting in generation of 7,865 t/year. About the composition, it was estimated average percentage relative to the weight of each material, resulting in the following percentages: 44% ferrous metals; 19% polymer; 13% glass; 12% non-ferrous metals; 9% other; 3% electronic components. From the data obtained is expected to assist the initiatives that could solve the problems with the management of electronic waste.

A indústria da cerâmica vermelha é responsável por produzir uma quantidade significativa de resíduos, podendo chegar a 10% do total da produção. Neste cenário o gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos tem grande relevância. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar e propor medidas para o correto gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos, para as indústrias que produzem cerâmica vermelha na Região de Desenvolvimento (RD) do Sertão do São Francisco de Pernambuco, para que se adequem à Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS). A metodologia utilizada consistiu em um múltiplo estudo de caso, realizado em três indústrias situadas na RD. Realizou-se um desenho do perfil empresarial das empresas e através de ensaios do PSQ e os resíduos gerados no processo produtivo das indústrias de cerâmica vermelha da área estudada.

The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a technique to assess the environmental aspects and potential impacts of a system can assist in making governmental decisions and planning of solid waste management (MSW). The objective of this study was to analyze scenarios for the MSW management through the LCA considering environmental impacts and contributing information to serve as a support for improvements in waste management in the municipality of Garibaldi. Scenarios were simulated with different treatments of waste and Inventory Lifecycle was developed using the computer program IWM-2. For the Evaluation of Life Cycle Impact indicators and environmental impact categories. The scenarios with better segregation of waste at source, separate collection, sorting, recycling and biological treatment of organic matter showed the greatest reduction in liquid and gaseous emissions with potential to cause environmental impacts. Recycling prevailed as the practice that contributed most to minimize environmental impacts. LCA made it possible to assess the environmental performance of different models for the management of MSW.

Urban solid waste disposed in landfills produce liquid polluter, the leachate. In the Brazilian Continental Platform sediments exist formed by calcareous sea algae, like Lithothamnium, that is a possible sorbent of substances contained in leached, such as ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus. So, the objective of this study is to evaluate the sorption capacity of Lithothamnium for treatment of leached of sanitary embankment. A sample of the sorbent passed through sieves with different meshes, and each fraction was weighed on an analytical balance. In assessing the phosphate sorption capacity was conducted a Jar Test. The scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, RX fluorescence spectrometry and diffraction RX indicate the surface area and composition of Lithothamnium. Between the meshes 0.212 mm and 0.850 mm were retained 94% of the weighed mass of the sorbent, which had diverse composition predominantly of calcium carbonate. The sorption test, the Lithothamnium was effective in removal of phosphate should be investigated how these interactions occur and the possibility of removing the leachate ammoniacal nitrogen.

Among the many advances brought in solid waste management by the Brazilian National Policy on Solid Waste is the concept of integrated management, which seeks to find the most appropriate solutions not only from an environmental point of view but also from the economic, social, political and cultural. It is within this problem that the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) appears as a tool to be used in the decision making process. This study evaluated using the LCA technique as a tool to assess the impact of the implementation of a solid waste management system for the city of Porto Alegre based in recycling and waste incineration. We compared two different scenarios: a baseline scenario regarding the municipality's situation in 2012 and a scenario with strong encouragement of recycling and forwarding the remaining waste incineration. The combination of the implementation of an incineration system together with a good recycling system has proved to be an environmentally interesting solution. It was evident during the LCA analysis that all eight indicators used show better results for the proposed scenario than for the current scenario. Recycling showed the most positive results, bringing benefits for all indicators. Among the analyzed indicators, the most promising results were in terms of energy use. This is due to the fact that there are large energy reclamation both in incineration and recycling, resulting in a reduction in the energy needed to manufacture the products.

The gel coat is produced with polyester resins and their main purpose is to create a chemical barrier and finishing fiberglass parts, the part providing a smooth and glossy surface, besides facilitating their storage. For this work were produced five samples were all prepared from a generic formula for a gel coat type primer, varying only the load components, all samples had talc added as master batch and were supplemented with fillers such as carbonate calcium, algamatolita, hollow glass microsphere and residual polymer reinforced with glass fiber (PRGF) milled, which was used in substitution for part loads. The samples were subjected to exothermic curve analysis, coverage analysis, density, thermal analysis and economic feasibility. Samples containing only talc, the main mineral filler used in the manufacture of the gel coat, has characteristics accepted by the market, since among all the evaluations, presented results that correspond to the demand level of the branch companies. The hiding power of the sample produced with waste ground PRGF was satisfactory to a gel-type primer.

This study presents aspects related to the management and environmental planning of residues generated by construction in the interior design sector in Caxias do Sul. Several management and environmental planning actions have been discussed to deal with the environmental degradation and the waste of natural resources due to the vast number of residues generated by the lack of segregation, and the ongoing irregular disposal in uneven areas. This paper addresses the environmental impact caused by the growing generation of construction waste and its inadequate disposal based on legal aspects of the bibliography review and analysis. Therefore, it is described the crucial aspects to evaluate and manage the process of environmental impacts, such as the territorial organization, the preservation and prevention environmental, the sustainable development, and environmental indicators applied to the construction waste. As a result, it is expected to contribute considerably with discussions on the planning requirement and management of waste in the interior design sector.

One of the premises of the National Solid Waste Policy is to minimize waste generation . In this study, we used leftovers from the production process of the manufacture of mattresses , cleaning machines and formulations where they would go to landfills . In the study samples with different percentage of residues were prepared, 75%, 50% and 25% of virgin polyol in the sample that showed the best properties, were incorporated 10% of polyurethane chips, originating from the production of semi-rigid foams process. They can be seen the best results for material in which 25% were incorporated formulated polyol residues and therefore 10% of semi-rigid foam chips. In economic analysis, it was observed that the incorporation of waste materials that would otherwise go to landfill has reduced the cost of raw materials of the cluster block, because in addition to eliminate transportation costs and disposal of polyurethane waste in landfills, still added-value through the use in the production of a noble material and considered of utmost importance to the quality of mattresses.

The population increase causes the production of food intake and increase every year. With this, Brazil is becoming one of the largest producers of grain. Brazilian farmers are increasingly investing in equipment and inputs to increase productivity of their crops, which leads in many cases the improper disposal of packaging of these products. It is estimated that in Brazil, in the year 2008 have been used 120 million packs for foliar fertilizers, whose guidance, by law, is the practice of triple washing, then returning the empty package in place of purchase for further recycling . Given this reality, the objective of this study was to evaluate the possible contamination by nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), boron (B), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and molybdenum (Mo) the packaging of foliar as post-wash, and the mechanical and chemical properties after recycling process. The analysis of atomic absorption spectroscopy showed that the post-consumer packaging, if washed properly, the process of triple washing or pressure washing, indicated by Law No. 9.974/2000, have no metal concentration impregnated in it, having much lower the standards set by the Ministry of Health for metals in drinking water. The thermal values compared to those presented in the literature, which shows that the recycling of foliar fertilizers can be made for the manufacture of new products.

This work consists of making use of post-occupancy evaluation of two units of municipal solid waste built environment in Caxias do Sul for extracting subsidies, which will help in designing new urban solid waste sorting centers. The focus of the study is through the clipping of two aspects encompassed by the evaluation: physical construction aspects and functional aspects. Procedures were selected and applied to the objects of study, and after that, it was possible to check what can be reproduced and what should be avoided in the subsequent project, as well as suggestions for improvement for both evaluated associations.

The organic solid waste (RSO) fill much of the landfills. To be disposed of on the same site generated high concentrations in landfill, causing problems such as slurry formation (which can cause soil contamination), also produces methane gas (gaseous pollutant of the environment) and also attracts pests such as rats and cockroaches, however when all that RSO are discarded in order to decompose, can turn into fertilizer. used again in the production of plant foods. In this scenario, this research project aims to study the biodecompositor process RSO with the use of closed reactors on a large scale, and to characterize the compound obtained in this biodecomposition process. The biodecompositor used for the execution of this research have 2000 liters, and inside will be placed RSO packed with sawdust at a ratio of 17%. The monitoring process will be done with regular temperature measurements, elemental analysis, pH, moisture content and germination. As a result of this study, it is expected that the decomposed waste reaches the level of stabilization required to make it fit its use as organic fertilizer. It is also intended to reduce the volume of organic waste in the ditches of the landfill in the municipality studied, giving him greater longevity, and also that they can use the compound as a source of income for the association of waste pickers of Jaguariaíva .

The sludge is the main byproduct of the refining of corn oil industry. This residue is formed during crude oil neutralization step. The sludge has a high content of saponified fatty acids and is considered to be an excellent feedstock to produce free fatty acids which can be used in the treatment of ores, for a nutritional supplement in poultry feed and for the production of biodiesel. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the sludge and comparison of two fatty acid extraction methods (via Folch method and method Bligh and Dyer) as an alternative way to reuse this waste. The sludge is characterized by physical and chemical analyzes. To compare the methods and evaluation of the best extraction conditions it conducted a 22 factorial design with two factors (time of turmoil and volume of solvent) and two levels for each method. The results showed that the Bligh and Dyer method was presented as best fatty acid extraction method, with the optimum condition of two minutes of agitation and 50 mL of solvent (mixture chloroform-methanol: 1: 2) with a content fatty acids extracted 16g.

The sludge generated in wastewater treatment plants (STPs) industries generally have no value, and its final disposition often a problem for businesses. This study aimed to characterize the industrial sludge generated in a corn derivatives industry, and its reuse as agricultural fertilizer for planting vegetables. The results showed that the sludge is framed on the requirements established by law applied to the soil. Confirmation of efficiency was performed by measurement and weighing of crops cultivated in different soil-sludge mixing ratios and commercial organic fertilizer and soil-soil without any fertilizer after 20 days of cultivation. It can be concluded that the proportion of mixture containing 10% silt and 90% soil was the most effective, providing the highest increases in height and weight in crop plants.

The high consumption of electronic equipment, its rapid obsolescence and lack of legislation and supervision related to adequate disposal of these, has favored the accumulation or dispose of as general waste. These equipments, doted with pollution potential and toxicity due to their composition, can pollute water and soil. Based on the survey of information about the management of WEEE (Electrical and Electronic Equipment Waste) of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , their responsibilities and the fulfillment of its role as an example of teaching, as well with companies dealing with this question, it sought to know a general overview, and to quantify approximate and punctually, in order to establish the problem dimensions, with representative character and that could be extrapolated to the entire campus. With this, propose some actions for improve and give effect to the reutilization of WEEE and favoring recycling. Noted that the lack of an internal policy, covering the management of waste, causes occurring neglect of the problem of waste and the failure of the National Policy of Solid Waste as regards the Reverse Logistics.

The importance of using agricultural residues in the production of biofuels is becoming more prominent. Its use not only emerged as an alternative for obtaining a less polluting energy sources, but also as a means of reducing the accumulation thereof on the environment. The malt bagasse is a solid byproduct of beer brewing, being generated around 14-20 kg of wet bagasse per 100 liters of beer. This byproduct has around 20-30% by dry weight of starch that can be converted into fermentable sugars by the hydrolysis process and subsequently fermented to ethanol production. Thus, the objective of this work was the study of enzymatic hydrolysis of malt bagasse dry employing a planning type CCRD evaluating three variables: enzyme concentration, temperature and substrate concentration. The production of fermentable sugars ranged from 24.4 the 75.5 g.kg-1 dry bagasse. The highest yields of sugars were checked for better conditions employed enzyme concentration, temperature and substrate concentration. The results are promising for the amount of sugar produced showing the potential employee residue.

The coal mining and beneficiation in southern Brazil generates waste with high contents of Al and Si and low organic matter, features that allow its implementation in zeolite synthesis. In order to propose an alternative to management of this waste, the objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of obtaining a zeolitic material through the application of this material as a source of Si and Al in the hydrothermal synthesis, with or without agitation of the solution during crystallization step. The characterization of the waste and synthesized materials was made through the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy by Fourier Transform (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with dispersed spectroscopy energy (SEM-EDS), N2 porosimetry (BET) and zeta potential (ZP). XRD and FTIR techniques indicated the formation of the zeolite sodalite type (SOD) with or without agitation of the solution. It was found by SEM-EDS technique, that the agitation during crystallization step changed the morphology of the product obtained, in order of increasing particle diameter, which could also be observed by N2 porosimetry analysis, that indicated a reduction in specific surface area with agitation.

The current model of economic development, combined with the culture of so-called consumer society, has generated a large amount of solid waste, which most often are released to the environment without any treatment. And the resolution of this environmental problem has not yet become a priority among government, business and society, which share responsibility for the proper management of solid waste. In this context, this study aims to understand the environmental perception of the ceramics industry managers in the city of Assú/RN, specifically with regard to the production process and dispose of the ashes, the main waste generated in the production of their materials. For this, representatives from three industries in the city of Assú were interviewed, from them, a qualitative analysis was made. It was found that proper management of waste from companies interviewed is an issue that deserves more attention from both the government and the companies themselves.

The plastic it is a material present in our midst of a massive way however a large part of plastic material are used only once, as is the case of PET bottles. Therefore it is of great importance to obtain products which can reuse the plastic. This article had the purpose to verify the feasibility of replacing the plastic waste pet bottle crushed in the mortar. Held is replaced at 3 days it was observed that there was a compressive strength of the mortar drop with respect to ground mortar with addition of plastic on the 42.86% and 7 days, relative to 9.57%. Also the product characteristics were analyzed, as the plastic grip the mortar.

This paper presents a study about the synthesis and characterizations of zeolites obtained using coal fly ash from Mina do Leão (RS). The zeolites synthesis was accomplished through the traditional method of hydrothermal treatment using potassium hydroxide as alkaline solution. The zeolites characterization was held by the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results have shown that, in all the synthesis conditions tested, it was possible to recognize the formation of zeolites of the types merlinoite and/or chabazite-K. The maximum zeolite conversion obtained was 75 %.

The Brazilian economy is based on agriculture that contributes to the increase of wastes from industrial processes. The winery industry due the high production of wine, generates large amounts of grape pomace which further contains important compounds and high value attached, like the grape seed oil. After oil extraction, it turns into a presscake, still rich in protein, fiber and carbohydrates. Thus, this study was mainly aimed to characterize the grape seeds presscakes Cabernet Sauvignon and Ives obtained after extraction of oil by pressing, with the intention of proposing a more noble use of this industrial waste. The characterization of waste was made from chemical analysis such as moisture content, ash, organic carbon, organic material, carbohydrates, micro-Kjeldhall nitrogen, lipids, proteins, phosphorus and crude fiber. From the results, it was found that the grape seed presscakes showed significant amounts of fiber, 40.76% and 44.12% carbohydrates 41,45% and 42,08%, of proteins 11,56% and 11,01% and 96,25% of organic material and 99,25% of the Cabernet Sauvignon and Ives grape seed presscakes respectively, indicating that these can be reused , such as, for fertilizing soil.

The use of recycled plastic and wood fiber as composites has been investigated to replace the natural wood, thus reducing solid waste disposal, with great potential for reuse. The aim of this study was evaluate the susceptibility to degradation by natural weathering throw modifying the mechanics properties of polypropylene (PP) with copolymer ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA) recycled and its composite reinforced with wood fibers of the species Mezilaurus Itauba. To this end, samples were processed in a Haake mixer, injected and finally exposed to natural weathering in the city of Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil, for a period of four and eight months. The results showed that weather conditions strongly influence the loss of tensile mechanical properties of the PP-EVA, unlike the composites showed greater stability. However, by flexural test, it was concluded that the composites suffer more hydrolytic degradation, due to stress cracking effect, resulting in mechanial properties loss.

Enteric viruses are often found in surface water around the world. Adenovirus (AdV) are causative viruses of various enteric diseases to humans and animals. They are eliminated in the feces and can be used as markers of faecal contamination in water. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of AdV in surface water samples from the Arroios Tega and Pinhal city of Caxias do Sul. Bimonthly samples of water were collected 2013-2014 over three points of the Arroio Pinhal and five points behind Arroio Tega. Analyses were performed using standard PCR for the detection of human adenovirus type C (HAdV-C). AdV was detected over the sampling points in both studied streams, 66% of positive samples in Arroio Pinhal and 24% in Arroio Tega, indicating fecal contamination and inefficiency of the wastewater treatment.

The action of man over nature is unleashing a number of important environmental impacts. These impacts directly affect the quality of life, exposing populations, especially those who live in areas of risk, which are denominated vulnerable. This study is linked to a social work technician, which aims to meet candidates settlements families living in risk areas. The objective of the study is to analyze environmental variables related families living in areas of risk and their access to services essenciais. The data were collected through field research conducted in houses, with a sample of 685 families with a total of 867.The results show that the number of water supplied by households is 96.93% and 80.72% sewerage. The waste collection is performed to 97.08% of families and street cleaning to 29.78%. These variables are extremely important to maintain the population's quality of life by reducing biological risks. Public lighting is available for 85.65% and 96.49% in electricity. This directly involves public safety of the population. Access to social resources was 84.09% in Basic Health Unit, 55.19% in Reference Social Service Centre and 73.14% in Preschool. It was reported that a portion of this population is exposed to environmental risks, especially of biological and safety, reinforcing the importance of public policies to ensure the constitutional rights to this population.

The interface between health and environmental has been aim of studious in the theme, as the relations established interfere directly in the health state and environmental quality. In the health’s services, especially in the Basic Attention area, are the PMAQ (Nacional Program Improvement of Access and Quality), governalmental program that evaluate the Basic Attention, fortify and qualify permanently the health team. This article objective is examine variable related to water quality evaluated from PMAQ, in order to identify knowledge lacuna to incorporate the qualification in the care. Utilized secondary data of the external evaluation’s base of PMAQ in the first cycle, which characterize a documental survey. The base contains data that were collected for fieldwork realized in March and August of 2012, that were organized for the Ministry of Health and socialized to Superior Teaching Institutions in September of 2013. The data were organized in table and figures to discuss the collected information. The results showed that the relation between health, environmental and water quality are complex and dynamics and the attempt to establish with bigger precision the grade of influence above life’s quality is recent. The number of variables evaluated in the program is short in relation with the importance of ambiental’s variables to health, especially in the Basic Attention, but shows fundamental, as to inclusion of the theme in evaluation, as to identify that the subject is considerate, in the major Brazilian regions in the planning of health’s actions.

Cattle industry is one of the most important sectors of Brazilian agribusiness. Brazil has the largest commercial herd in the world, is the largest beef exporter and the second largest producer of meat. The CP program is a planned procedure in order to identify opportunities to eliminate or reduce the generation of waste, and rationalizing the use of raw materials. This work aimed to the implementation of the feasibility study of a biodigester in a slaughter as a measure of CP for use of biomass generated by the confinement of animals. The methodology used for the preparation of the work consisted of four stages, and the environmental assessment, the selection of evaluation focus, the preparation of the material balance and the feasibility analysis. The adopted planning unit was a containment system located in Santa Helena / PR that has 200 head of cattle of Nellore type. The total biomass generation, urine and fecal exudates in the unit is approximately 300,000 kg-1 month. This generation has the potential to generate 12,000 m³ biogas month-1 and 17 136 kWh of energy. These figures indicate a monthly avoided cost of purchasing electricity from R$ 2,339.88. Considering an investment of R$ 102,289.00 for system deployment and annual financial return (cost avoidance of purchasing power) of R$ 28,078.56 the project presented the period in which the cash flow becomes positive 4 years.

In the textile sector is common the use of different dye classes, where the fiber affinity with dye is one issue of high importance to the process success. After the dyeing process, remove the dye residual is essential, ensuring the quality of the wastewater returned to the environment. There are several studies demonstrating alternatives to improve the wastewater treatment in industries. Among these different processes, the adsorption gathers the low cost with efficiency of the dye wastewater removal. In this study was evaluated the use of commercial activated carbon of coconut shell as adsorbent in the process of removing dispersed and reactive dyes (red and black). Tests were carried out at room temperature using three different pH values (5, 7 and 9) in order to identify the highest removal efficiency over 4 hours. It was observed a greater adsorption percentage for the reactive dye, different that occurred with the dispersed one. In evaluating the best condition for the adsorption of the reactive dye, it was concluded that pH 7 is more efficient for remove the red reactive dye and the values of 5 and 9 are most suitable for the black color.

The most common destination of sludge from water treatment plants (SWTP) is the water source. We know that SWTP has to be treated and willing correctly according to brazilian law, as like in other countries. Was performed the present work for to evaluate the incorporation of sludge from water treatment plants in natura in the concrete replacing the sand, using as a case study the waste from water treatment plant from WTP located in the city of Santa Rosa/RS. For the materials research, a reference concrete (with no addition of sludge) and four concrete mixtures with sludge contents of 3, 5, 7,5 and 10 wt.% (replacing fine aggregate) were produced. The sludge is composed by Si, Al e Fe. In compressive strength testing, dosages up to 7.5 % had a greater than 30 MPa Fc56. For dosing with 10% sludge content was the lowest Fc56. It was concluded that the mixtures with up to 7,5% sludge from WTP can be employed in applications ranging from the manufacture of concrete artifacts and bricks to the construction of Portland cement concrete floors. On the order hand, the use of more than 7,5% sludge in concrete is restricted to applications where the workability of concrete is not a required parameter.

Several research works have been undertaken with silver for the disinfection of water so that conventional processes in water treatment would be improved. Many studies have shown antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles on bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, even though silver ions have limited antimicrobial use due to high toxicity and low stability. The efficiency of water disinfection was evaluated when functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at a 0.50% of mass in polymer matrix (polyamide 66) were employed at a residence time of 3 hours. Methodology recommended by ASTM 9222-D (2001) was used in the assays by evaluating microbiological analyses of fecal coliforms, especially E. coli. After a 24-h incubation, samples with 0.5% AgNPs, by stirring, at room temperature (25°C) and 35°C, revealed respectively 97.24% and 100% of antibacterial activity and 81.65% and 100%, at rest, for the same temperatures when the CFU index per 100 mL was compared to control. Functionalized pellets underwent leaching assays to evaluate the migration rate of silver to water, employing Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Concentrations 0.05% and 0.10% of AgNPs in the polymer matrix revealed detection rates which were lower than the limit by Conama 357/2005 (0.010 mg/L for silver) and higher for 0.50% concentration (0.052 mg/L).

Nanobubbles (NBs) have many interesting and unique properties, such high stability, longevity and high surface area per volume and hydrophobicity; , which lead to important and useful applications. However, little data are available concerning the physicochemical and interfacial properties of NBs and their effective generation as highly loaded water dispersions. In this work, a mixture of microbubbles (30-100 μm) and NBs (150-900 nm) was generated by depressurization of a water stream saturated with air through a needle valve. The separation of NBs was performed exploiting the fact that the microbubbles rise and collapse at the liquid surface, while the NBs remain in suspension for long periods. The effect of the saturation pressure (Psat) and the surface tension (Tsup) of the liquid on the concentration of NBs were assessed. The maximum value of 1.6x109NBs.mL-1 was attained at Psat=2.5 bar and Tsup=49mN.m-1. Photomicrographs of NBs were obtained after employing methylene blue as contrast medium. Examples of the NBs effect on the solid-liquid separation (removal) of pollutants by flotation showed the adhesion and initial particles (colloidal silica, quartz and amine) aggregation. The NBs adhesion on the surface of pyrite, increasing the hydrophobicity of this solid, was investigated. The results were explained in terms of interfacial phenomena and allow us to believe that this work will contribute to a better understanding of NBs and broaden their environmental applications.

There is a big concern about the water quality in the current scenario because most rivers, lakes and other sources of water resources are polluted. Oils and greases are a constant concern since they are dumped in the sewage disposal system without any previous treatment. The used cooking oil, when not disposed in a proper way, goes to the sewage system and causes clogging and drainage problems and makes the treatment of this water up to 45% more expensive. These oils and greases can also reach rivers causing waterproofing of river beds and banks contributing to flood problems. Recycling vegetable oil and making soap with it is an easy, accessible and environmentally friendly solution. Given those facts, this study presents the experiment of making soap from used cooking oil with various formulations. Experiments were conducted to prove the properties of the soaps created such as: hardness, cleaning efficiency, foaming, wetting power and pH. The laboratory tests have shown that small changes in the formulation of soaps produced improvements in properties such as: introduction of galego lemon juice making the soap less alkaline and coconut mass and fabric softener improved wetting power.

Chitosan is a biopolymer that is attracting great interest due to its antimicrobial and biodegradable characteristics. This natural polymer is soluble in an acid aqueous medium, allowing its use in various applications, especially in the formation of films, which makes it interesting for the food packaging industry. So, the aim of this work was to produce chitosan films using lactic acid as solvent to evaluate its application as food packaging. The films were produced by casting (0.3 g.cm-2) technique, dried in an oven with forced air circulation at 35 °C and characterized by thickness, water vapor permeability and mechanical properties. For comparison purposes, a commercial film based on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was also characterized. Based on the results, it was observed that the chitosan films had a lower water vapor permeance (1.4 g.h-1.m-2.KPa-1), a higher percentage of deformation (220%), but lower stiffness (0.8 MPa) compared to the commercial PVC film that presented 3.8 g.h-1.m-2.KPa-1 of permeance, 45 % of deformation and Young’s Modulus of 65 MPa.

SIA-Hydro - System of Environmental Information, concentrates data about monitoring of water quality, climatology and fauna. Using these data to build accurate information for environmental management and for the creation of knowledge depends on the correct implementation of available web technologies, which facilitate human-computer interaction. One technology is the graphics, which have great importance in the analysis of the data obtained. Currently, SIA uses static graphics that require greater server performance while new technologies enable greater flexibility and are processed with greater speed by dividing the processing with the web browser. The objective of this study is to analyze the aspects of the migration of the current component JpGraph to C3.js library. At the end, Trophic State Index and Water Quality Index line and pie graphics were implemented.

This study aimed to assess, characterize and quantify temporal and spatially the vegetation surrounding the Reservoir of Itupararanga, Sao Paulo, using the NDVI index and PRI. The indexes were generated in the ArcGis software 10.3 through gratuitous pictures of the sensor Landsat 8 /Oli to months January August 2015. The results showed significant variations between the NDVI and the PRI for the analysis period. As expected due to the increased occurrence of rains in the region indicated higher NDVI values in January, greater vigour of vegetation. The PRI presented higher values for the month of August, which means that the photosynthetic production uses with greater expressiveness the luminosity. We also observed in two periods a positive correlation between the indexes, being the areas of forestry with greater territorial rate around and responsible for the best performances of the investigated indices. Remote sensing techniques are effective tools in the vegetation's spectral behavior monitoring subsidizing and the studies in environmental sciences.

This paper is a brief review of the main methods that have been currently used in the treatment of industrial effluents with high lipid levels. This area is gaining more and more importance, due to the increase of industrial areas and the constant upgrading and strengthening of the requirements imposed by government environmental agencies. Thus, the development of new technologies is the direct counterpoint of the growing demand for safe disposal, with low environmental impact, ensuring greater safety and well-being of the people involved. High concentrations of lipids, which are common rejects of several companies, such as dairies, slaughterhouses and fast food chains, result in fat layers in wastewater lagoons, preventing the transfer of oxygen and leading to death of major microorganisms responsible for the decomposition of waste present in the effluent. This paper presents the main methods of treatment of effluents rich in lipids, subdividing them: primary treatment, secondary (aerobic and anaerobic) and tertiary.

The rapid population growth led to an industrial expansion. The production of goods, manufactured based on the exploitation of natural resources, uses elements of nature and generates considerable amount of waste. Given the above, the Cleaner Production (CP) shown a favorable tool preventively in relation to its environmental aspects presenting environmental and economic advantages. This study aimed to identify opportunities for improvement in the production process of ceramic tiles, reducing environmental impacts and production costs through application of CP techniques in a small ceramic industry. For that were performed the following steps: diagnosis, material and energy balance, synthesis and implementation. The data on production process were obtained through on-site visits for the subsequent construction of the company's performance indicators for process improvements and / or cost reduction were proposed. The options for improvement proposals were: replacement of firewood by briquettes from sugar cane which has higher calorific value and lower humidity making more efficient heat generation, and transformation of ceramic shards in aggregate to be incorporated into the concrete mass in construction. The proposed improvements and contribute to the reduction of environmental degradation caused by the extraction of natural resources such as clay and wood, and the generation of ceramic waste; leads to reduction in costs during the production process of the industry. All suggestions indicated environmental, technical and economic feasibility.

This study presents a viability analysis on application of technologies alternatives for a residential condominium located in a municipality on the North Coast Gaúcho. The division of a land into lots refers an anthropic activity required for development of a municipality however causes environments impact. Considering the peculiarities of the coastal ecosystem, as in this case, denotes a greater significance of the negative impacts. In order to minimize them, linear compensatory measures were designed for storm drainage and sewer vacuum associated with a system for the treatment of effluent. Besides to reducing the risk of contamination of soil and groundwater and surface water, ensures greater environmental quality and thus the health and well - being of the population. The economic feasibility analysis considered a 20-year project scope. Were applied the methods of Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost ratio (B/C) and Internal Rate of Return, yielding positive results and attractive for these investments. The results show that with the increase in the sale of the property value and/or the value of the condominium fee the proposed project to the condo becomes economically viable. In addition, the sustainable development brings tangible and intangible benefits environmental to the purchaser and the entire community of your surroundings.

It is characterized as an environmental technology, actions that aim to replace practices that cause high damage to the environment and have a high cost of production. Thus, the present work objective insert and demonstrate the importance of environmental technologies in the school environment through the artisan production of starch-based biodegradable plastic. The activities took place in a public school in the city of Santiago/RS along with a heterogeneous class of 42 students of 6 and 7 years. Divided these activities into two parts, the first characterised by the explanation of the biodegradable concept, where the comparison between the types of plastic polymers, their composition and degradation. In the second step, the experiment of preparation of biodegradable plastic itself, where, first, was presented to those present the materials and procedures required to carry out the experiment, which allows students to explore the materials and carry out the proposed procedure. Thus, one can consider that the practical implementation of activities that introduce and develop the concept of environmental technologies in the school environment are methods that cause sensitization and collaborate to the development of ecological consciousness of the individual.

This paper aims to address the environmental management of companies for the disposal of hazardous industrial waste using the Multicriteria Support Method Decision Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with ratings. The issue addressed was the choice of technology for treatment and disposal of contaminated soil with better adherence to the policies of the integrated management system. The AHP was applied in two steps, using a parallel and a main hierarchical structure. The results obtained in parallel hierarchical structure refer to the technical and environmental performance of the alternatives. In this assessment were highlighted 05 biological technologies, 02 thermal technologies, 01 chemical technology and 01 nanotechnology applied to the soil contaminated with BTEX in a universe of 34 verified technologies. The performance of the alternatives obtained in parallel AHP was inserted into one of the criteria of main AHP that evaluated suppliers and jointly technologies. The performances of the alternatives in decision-making models were confronted with their respective costs, providing a dashboard for management decision.

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is one of the most consumed polymers in the national market, accounting about 30% of plastic waste generated in Brazil. Mechanical recycling is one of the most important methods to reduce the problem caused by plastics waste. Thus, information on possible loss of properties of recycled polymers from renewable sources, such as “green plastic”, it is very important to ensure the quality of the final product and thereby stimulate the industry to use a greater amount of recycled polymers. In this way, the aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the thermal properties by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for green HDPE (from sugar cane) and Petrochemical HDPE after 10 passes in a capillary rheometer, at 180 and 220 ºC. The results revealed that both HDPE had a higher degree of crystallinity when processed under 180 ºC. However, nor the temperature or number of passes had substantial effect on the thermal properties of the studied materials.

The use of alternative sources of water supply to meet the consumption of activities that do not require potability is driven by the water scarcity problems recently faced by states in Brazil, aimed at conserving natural resources. In order to evaluate the benefits resulting from this practice, the application of a system that associates rainwater harvesting in a hotel located in Aracaju - SE was studied. Based on meteorological data of the city and information about the hotel operation, the amount of water collected by the system was estimated and a tank that would meet the specific demands of toilets was sized, comparing the volumes obtained by the methods outlined in the NBR 15527 (ABNT, 2007) and by computer program NETUNO with the existing volume reservation. The realization of this work allowed to observe the limitations of the methods applied and the need to develop procedures and standards for the application of alternative sources for water supply, in order to encourage and increase its use.

The photocatalytic oxidation is a promising environmental technology for the degradation of air pollutants, because volatile organic compounds can be efficiently decomposed in conditions close to ambient conditions. In this work, it was studied the photocatalytic degradation of gaseous toluene in an annular continuous reactor, using titanium dioxide supported in a fiberglass mat as catalyst, and under the action of a UV light source. The inlet reagent mixture consisted of air containing toluene vapors, with concentration of 555±18 ppmv, and water. It was evaluated the influence of the residence time and water vapor in the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of toluene. The process efficiency was assessed in terms of the conversion of toluene and production of carbon dioxide. The main gaseous product detected from degradation was CO2.

This study aimed to conduct a brief investigation of possible technologies that can assist in buildings and list the features and benefits of sustainable building materials with the requirements regarding the accession of the Environmental Agenda in Public Administration - A3P for public education. The methodology used in the survey, as its objectives, was descriptive; on the technical procedures, it was bibliographic; and finally, as the study approach, it was considered qualitative. The methodology was divided into three phases. In the first phase is done the collection of bibliographic data. In the second phase, it was performed an analysis of the bibliographies found. In the third phase it was made the relationship between sustainable building materials characteristics and needs required for joining the A3P. It is concluded that the literature related to materials that are sustainable provides several benefits over the manufacture and use, for example: prevents the extraction of natural resources, reduces pollution by avoiding the accumulation of waste, promotes economic benefits in various sectors, among other benefits. About the A3P, there are 5 axis to be worked in public institutions and the 5 R's, which are: rethink, refuse, reduce, reuse and recycle. It is perceived the relationship between the benefits in the use of sustainable building materials and objectives of A3P.

The emission of greenhouse gases has become a serious problem today, because to be linked to global warming, carbon dioxide being one of the main gases that effect. Among the consequences of rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2, is the change in the cycle of rainfall and rainfall. To know in detail the factors that determine CO2 fixation in different situations of use and management of planted forests is essential within the context of climate change. In this sense, the present study aimed to quantify, at 12 months, the total biomass and carbon accumulation in the wood, bark, branches and leaves. For this, an experiment in Aperam Bioenergia was installed in the city of Itamarandiba - MG, where they were evaluated three clones (hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla; hybrid tri-cross E. urophylla x E. grandis x E. camaldulensis; and hybrid of Corymbia citriodora x C. toreliana) deployed in three planting spacing (3 x 3 m; 3 x 1.5 m and 3 x 1 m). The results revealed that the denser spacing was greater production of biomass and carbon accumulation. The E. urophylla clones and x tri-cross of E. urophylla x E. grandis x E. camaldulensis showed the highest production of biomass and accumulation of carbon.

This article aimed to estimate and assess the seasonal changes of vegetation in the municipality of Votorantim Sao Paulo Brazil through the use of remote sensing technologies through NDVI and NDWI indices. The indexes were generated in the ArcGis software 10.3 using images of the sensor Landsat 8/OLI to months January to August from the year 2015 that presented the largest and the smallest average monthly rain totals for the past 30 years to the study area. The results showed that the effect of vegetation and moisture levels feature a direct relation with the seasonal variation for both indices for the month of August. These conditions showed the association between plant biomass production and moisture content. The ranges of the indexes indicated that Votorantim is characterized by a high rate of urbanization, forestry, natural vegetation of the Atlantic forest and river, being responsible for major of the NDVI variation. The indexes potential were technologies for evaluation and monitoring of the vegetative condition and contribuition to the conservation of green areas.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates are 100% biodegradable polymers produced intracellularly by bacteria, which exhibit characteristics similar to petroleum-based polymers and therefore constitute an alternative to recalcitrant polymers. However, its high cost of production can prejudice its application on a large scale. Among the available solutions for reducing costs one of them is the use of a substrate from industrial wastes such as whey, which generated in cheese production. In the present work PHB production tests were carried out with Alcaligenes latus bacterium, using whey after acid protein precipitation and subsequent neutralization, comparing the results obtained with those acquired from commercial lactose. Through statistical analysis it was found that the best results for the production of the polymer are obtained by neutralization of the pH using NH4OH, which provided an average 1.28 g.L-1 PHB in 12 hours. The Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy analysis showed that both the default PHB, and the one produced by the A. latus bacterium showed the same characteristic bands.

Oil spills are greatly damaging to the marine wildlife, and new, environmentally friendly adsorbents are being developed to minimize these spills. In this context, cellulose - a natural, nontoxic and biodegradable material - is a promising material for obtaining hydrophobic adsorbent materials. This work aims to develop nanocellulose aerogels from cellulose nanofiber (CNF) suspensions obtained by mechanical fibrillation. CNF suspensions were freeze dried and chemically treated with triethoxyvinylsilane (VTES) through vapor deposition. Oil adsorption tests and contact angle measurements were made. The treated aerogels presented a contact angle with water of 130 °, and oil adsorption in aqueous medium of 24 times its own weight

The generation and disposal of waste has become a problem for society in the recent decades. Statistics reports that Brazilians generates about 800 g of wastes daily such as packaging, paper, batteries, food and other consumer products residues (Vargas, 2015). In the industrial activity, one of the major problems is the emission of effluents that promotes contamination of water bodies (Miller, et al., 2001). One factor that worsens the contamination of the environment, is the excess of sodium chloride (NaCl) occurred in both industrial waste as in household waste. Considering these aspects, the aim of this study was to isolate halophilic microorganisms and characterize the behavior of microbial growth towards organic matter with a high content of salts. The micro-organisms were isolated from dried salted cod purchased in local shops in the city of Pelotas in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The sample was divided into three equal parts for microbial growth in different conditions of temperature , oxygenation, pH. Biochemical and morphological tests were performed and four strains were subjected to fermentation which have proved able to withstand a high salt content of the fermentation medium . It follows that the halophilic bacteria had microbial activities in order to enable the degradation of salt residues .

The amount of waste generated nowadays is a reflection of population growth and consumerism, many times, unnecessary by people. Organic waste is the most part of the solid waste generated. This waste need to be treated adequately to avoid environmental problems and health problems in people. The objective was to treat urban residential organic waste and to verify the efficiency of the transformation into biogas and bio fertilizers. A digester of the Indian type was used in Nova Palma, Rio Grande do Sul. The research was developed in the period of three years with a daily monitoring. The average biogas production was higher in the summer for three years and it was more stable in the third year in different seasons. There were no reagents to coliforms. The study found that anaerobic digestion has potential in treating organic waste.

Recent industrial development has made difficult the treatment of effluents by already disseminated processes and new research is mandatory. The removal of color in serigraphy is a serious concern due to traditional processes such as coagulation, flotation and sedimentation which have a 40 – 90% success in treatment. Advanced oxidation processes remove stable organic compounds. Experimental research has revealed the use of an electro-chemical reactor made of a bipolar system with parallel cells containing electrodes made of different materials. Electrodes were connected to a convertor Alternate Current/Continuous Current (CA/CC). Monitoring of the system´s performance occurred by characterization of the crude effluent derived from a serigraphy industry to verify its quality with regard to the following parameters: turbidity, pH and sedimentary solids. The system´s conditions were concentration of the electrolyte (4 g/600mL and 4 g/600mL), voltage (20 V and 30 V), operation time (120 minutes) and the absence and presence of agitation according to a statistical factorial planning. Data were quantitative and evaluated comparatively, following CONAMA norms 357 and 430. Results showed that the best operational condition demonstrated a 96% removal of turbidity from the effluent, at a voltage of 30 V, under agitation, reaction time of 120 minutes and electrolyte concentration of 4 g.L-1.

In this work, biogas production using rice (used for fungi cultivation) and leather residues with addition of sludge from different wastewater treatment plant were assessed. Anaerobic digestion generates biogas and it can be an alternative for waste treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate biogas volume and its molar fraction. For the test were used as substrates pretreated leather waste and rice waste. Sludge from a tannery wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and sludge from UCS WWTP were used as inoculum. The samples were placed in vials with total volume of 100 mL; the test was conducted at 35°C. The influence of inoculum addition was evaluated for the volume and the molar fraction of generated gases. It was possible to observe that the rice sample with sludge from UCS WWTP presented the highest volume of generated gas (62.58 mL). The sludge from UCS WWTP showed the molar fraction that bests represents biogas, since its composition is approximately 76% methane and the biogas amount produced (53.07mL) was also suitable. The addition of sludge from UCS WWTP into the rice waste resulted in an increase of hydrogen molar fraction and the same sludge added to the leather wastes results in a methane molar fraction increase. Hence, the anaerobic digestion process is a promising alternative to waste and sludge co-digestion.

There are several conventional methods consolidated of treating cyanide electroplating effluent, such as alkaline chlorination. The electrocoagulation (EC) differs from these conventional methods, since the coagulant is obtained by oxidation of the metal electrodes without the need of adding chemicals. This study aims to compare the contaminant removal efficiency of a cyanide electroplating effluent using the EC and the alkaline chlorination. The removal of total cyanide, total copper, total nickel and total zinc were evaluated. For EC experiments, the parameters of turbidity and SST, and the electrolysis time and the current density were evaluated. The efficiency of EC and alkaline chlorination were similar for removal of total cyanide and total zinc, yielding removals higher for total nickel and total copper by alkaline chlorination. However, the experiment ECO reduced by 76.13% for the generation of galvanic sludge. It was observed that the optimum operation condition was obtained with the longer time of electrolysis and the greater current density tested. Similarly, the parameters of turbidity and SST presented similar behavior after EC experiments, since the higher electrolysis time and current density, greater the values ​​of these two parameters.

Currently, solid propellants used as fuels for rockets generate large amounts of toxic gases during it burning. The burning of these fuels leads to the increase of gases responsible for greenhouse effect. The increasing in the activities in the space filed has stimulated the development of environmentally friendly propellant. This study aims to compare the theoretical amount of gas generated during the combustion of a propellant commonly used in short-range rockets with the amount of gas generated from an environmentally friendly propellant. So, the theoretical amount of gas generated with the combustion of sucrose/potassium nitrate propellant (KNSu) was compared with the amount of gases produced with the combustion of a mix of aluminum nanoparticles and ice (ALICE). The results showed that KNSu burning generates approximately 175g CO2/Kg fuel and 152g CO/Kg fuel. However, using ALICE no toxic gases were produced only aluminum oxide, Al2O3, was formed approximately 945g Al2O3/Kg fuel. The use of environmentally friendly propellants is a sustainable alternative for promote further advances in the space filed.

The organic waste (OW) composting in the urban agriculture is an environmentally interesting way to increase sustainability and provide an eco-friendly destination for this material, in addition to increasing productivity without the use of chemical fertilizers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of OW composting on the production and quality of rocket (Eruca sativa Miller). The experiment was conducted in plant pots in a greenhouse of the Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, campus of Lages/SC. The treatments consisted of different dosages of OW, 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg*m-2, used in two different ways: composting on soil followed by cultivation of the rocket (CSS) and composting performed separately and subsequently incorporated into the soil (CIS). The variables moisture content, pH, titratable acidity and soluble solids were evaluated. The system using the composting dosage of CIS 50 kg*m-2 presented the highest value for pH (6.47) among all treatments, while moisture content, total acidity, soluble solids and color were not affected in comparison to the conventional system, indicating that the compost can be interesting alternative for growing arugula and to give the ecologically correct destination for this material.

In recent years, the world has suffered dramatic consequences of the misuse of environmental resources. New technologies to innovate and grow without violating the pillars of sustainability have been sought. Among the damaging factors to environments are constant withdrawals of raw materials from nature and the improper disposal of waste. One solution to mitigate this problem is the reuse of industrial waste for developing materials that may replace fully or partly an existing one. Among the products widely used by man and whose traditional production uses raw materials stemmed from the extraction of natural resources are cements. It has been studied amorphous aluminosilicates based binders, activated by alkaline reagents, called inorganic polymers or geopolymers. These can be used as cement and can have good fire resistance to acidic environments, compression, weather and immobilization of hazardous waste. In this work, geopolymers were produced from bottom ashes generated from the burning of coal and metakaolin obtained after treatment of sludge of the paper industry and activated with NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions. The products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). It was found that the proportion of aluminosilicate present in the bottom ash and metakaolin are suitable for occuring geopolymerization to occur and that this reaction can be a good alternative for the production of cement with reduced environmental impact.

Environmentally friendly pre-treatments with a siloxane base - PMMA have shown promising results when combined with the new ink technology with curing by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Tinplate sheets were coated with a hybrid film obtained from a sol with alkoxides precursors consisting of 3-(trimethoxysilylpropyl) methacrylate and tetraethoxysilane and adding an organic phase composed of poly (methyl methacrylate). The hydrolysis reactions were catalyzed with a nitric acid solution (pH=1 and pH=3). The hybrid films were obtained by a dip-coating process and were coated with red-colored paint UV curing, and characterized for their electrochemical and mechanical behavior. The results showed that a more acidic pH (pH=1) promotes the formation of a hybrid film with better protective properties, presented a better electrochemical performance and higher values of layer thickness. However, the hybrid film was obtained with pH=3 presented best perform with applied to the UV ink, owing to the better anchorage and adhesion.

The effluents generated by humans have shown major environmental impacts on water and land areas adjacent to the generation of local, making a priority the need to seek ways of efficient and sustainable treatment for these effluents. For this purpose the present study evaluated the preliminary biological treatment in raw effluent from the sewage treatment plant, ETE Lindenow, Sant'Angelo - RS. The study's main objective evaluation of wetland systems with weeds, elephant grass (Pennisetum perpureum). The weeds are species that require high concentrations of nutrients and can be used in cleaning up lakes and rivers, through the removal and bioremediation of heavy metals, macronutrients as in chemical physical parameters BOD, COD, nitrogen and phosphorus from industrial discharge and domestic . Wetlands, mounted with sandy substrate composition, stone and gravel biofilm formation by bacteria in the roots of weeds. Each species has a different efficacy, but all, as literature, supported in previous studies, can be tested with different sizing and flows to obtain better results. These plants have a combined low-cost labor, in clean technologies, allowing reuse of water, and biomass, relevant to environmental innovations in sustainable regional development. This area enables continuity in the polls for its large number of species that have not been tested, and the tests are inexpensive.

This work presents the ultrafiltration study of a wastewater generated in a plywood productive process, aiming to study the viablity of concentrating the tannins and evaluate the possibility of recovering this material from the wastewater generated in that process. The work presents the initial results of the study, as well as the characterization of the utilized membrane according to hydraulic permeability and salt rejection.

The intense urbanization combined to the release of domestic sewage into water resources constitutes a potential risk to ecosystems and human health, which leads to the need of using technologies in the sewage treatment. In the present study, physicochemical parameters and the Allium cepa assay were carried out in order to assess the potential cytogenotoxic effects of effluents from two sewage treatment systems: activated sludge and floating emergent macrophyte. For cytogenotoxic evaluation, seeds of A. cepa were exposed to different concentrations (25, 50 and 100%) of the effluent samples treated with both technologies. The physicochemical analyses revealed both treatment systems met the legal criteria for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), suspended solids and termotolerant coliforms. Despite the floating emergent macrophyte system did not reach the necessary efficiency for ammoniacal nitrogen removal, it presented a better removal of phosphorous when compared to the activated sludge system. For cytogenetic endpoints, there was no difference between both treatments and the negative control were found in mitotic index and frequencies of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations. These results suggest that the floating emergent macrophyte system is a promising alternative methodology in the domestic sewage treatment.

Environmental problems arising from the incorrect disposal and long degradation time of petroleum polymers, open space for the use of renewable raw materials such as starch, due to its availability and biodegradability. However, this low affinity with the polymer matrix affects the final properties and to solve this problem, compatibilizer agent (CA) may be used to improve the mechanical performance. This study evaluated the effect of natural weathering on mechanical behavior of blends of polypropylene with corn starch and glycerol (PP/CS/G: 70/21/9 w/w) and 3 % of PPgMA (Maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene) as CA. The samples were processed in twin-screw extruders, injection molded and exposed to natural weathering in Porto Alegre of 3 and 6 months (July-December/2014). The abiotic degradation was assessed by mechanical and colorimetric analysis. The UV index showed values between low and extreme. Regarding the volume of rain, the month of December recorded the highest value, 254 mm. Thus, we conclude that the climatic conditions in the tested period significantly influenced the loss of property and loss of color of the surfaces of the blends after natural exposure. Results showed that the blends without CA showed greater discoloration after exposure. There was a decrease in modulus of elasticity, with a loss of rigidity for the exposed samples, as well as reduced on tensile strength at break. The addition of starch accelerates the degradation time of induction, and using the compatibilizer agent had influence on the mechanical behavior after exposure.

The pre- treatments more used to extend the life of metals and improve the adhesion with paint are still the phosphate coating and chromate. Both provide a great protective barrier to the metal substrate, but are harmful from an environmental point of view, as one produces the so-called phosphating mud and the other contains highly dangerous product for human health. In recent years new studies were made to obtain products more friendly to nature, and the conversion layers based on hexafluorzirconic acid, forming the so-called nanoceramic layer, have been shown to provide a good protective barrier metal. The nanoceramic layer consists of a thin layer of zirconium oxide is deposited on the substrate surface , in this case steel. The use of this technology in the industry is increasingly common and a function that is necessary to study new ways to improve their performance. The addition of polyethyleneglycol plasticizer in the acid solution was studied and it was possible to realize qualities due to the presence of the polymer which makes its use promising.

Sustainable synthesis of chiral alcohols by biocatalysis, by bioreduction reaction of prochiral ketones mediated by Daucus carota vegetable.It was used in bioreductionreaction a synthetic substrate (acetophenone) and other natural (essential oil of Mentha piperita L.) as a source of monoterpenes ketone, were also the influence of substrate concentration variation andthe amountof biomass in the reaction yield. Biocatalysis with D . carota promoted the reduction of acetophenone to1-phenyl ethanol yield up to 97% and raised menthol content contained in the essential oil of Mentha piperita L. of 49 to 87% by bioreduction of menthone monoterpene also naturally present in the essential oil of Mentha piperita L.

It is common knowledge that the discard, mainly the inappropriate discard, of non-biodegradable polymers is extremely harmful to the environment since these materials take centuries to break down. Therefore, over the past years biodegradable polymers, mainly the ones from renewable sources, have attracted the attention not only of researchers, but also of the industry and of the society. Polymers from renewable sources, however, still need to be studied to have their properties improved for future wider use. The same environmental concern makes it every time more common and necessary the reuse of solid wastes or fractions of them as raw materials. Taken all of it into account, the objective of this work was to evaluate the properties of polymeric films produced with protein extracted from chromed leather waste (reuse of solid wastes) and cornstarch (a renewable source) when varying the type and quantity of plasticizer employed in the material. Even though the elongation at break of the films produced in this work (values of up to 133.8%) is lower than the ones presented by commercial films, their tensile strength (values of up to 29.6 MPa) is similar to the one of commercial films. Solubility of the films varied from 17.3 to 25.9%. The use of sorbitol as plasticizer led to the production of more resistant films when compared to the use of glycerol as plasticizer. Higher quantities of plasticizer led to the production of less resistant, but also less brittle, films.

On the increase of treated sewage volume, and consequently the sludge generated during the process, companies have been searching for more economical and efficient alternatives for dewatering and drying of sludge, due to its high cost of management and disposal. The sludge drying bed with wedge wire floor is a new type of natural method for dewatering and drying seen as a good alternative for small sewage treatment systems. But the efficiency of sludge drying depends not only on the dewatering system. Therefore this study evaluate the sludge drying behavior of two different aerobic sludge application rates in wedge wire bed, in two seasons, with and without the turn over action.. The bed with wedge wire floor was effective in draining the sludge reducing the moisture in 10 times after the first day, independent application rate and weather conditions. During the first 15 days the sludge for each evaluated test has similar drying, and only from the 20th day is that the sludge drying behavior varied with the application rate, weather conditions, and the turn over action.

A reverse electrodialysis pilot plant (RED) of Hidrodex, model EDR 0.25-100 1E 1s1e and nanofiltration pilot plant (NF) brand PAM, were installed at the water treatment plant, Water Services and sewer to Novo Hamburgo-COMUSA. In this municipality the collection of water for public supply is from the Rio dos Sinos, which is considered the most polluted in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Treated water was evaluated in a conventional system in COMUSA after treatments by RED and NF. In RED was applied two electrical potentials, 185 V and 400 V, with current density of 0.14 mA.cm-2 and 0.07 mA.cm-2, respectively, and with a product flow rate of 250 Lh-1. For NF, it was evaluated two pressures, 1 bar and 2 bar, with a rejection flow rate of 6 L.min-1 and 7.5 L.min-1. Getting up results of Ep% RED above 80% and the reduction of conductivity of 80%. The NF yielded removal rates above 95% for chloride ions, fluoride, sulfate and nitrate, above 75% for magnesium and potassium and reducing conductivity nearby 90%. We conclude that both technologies are promising for the improvement of public drinking water quality, due to the poor condition of water from rivers where the COMUSA collects the raw water.